適用於IEEE 802.11n之4×4多輸入多輸出偵測器設計

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：84

、訪客IP：3.145.18.3

姓名

林鑫呈(Hsin-cheng Lin) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

電機工程學系

論文名稱

適用於IEEE 802.11n之4×4多輸入多輸出偵測器設計
(A 4×4 MIMO Detector for IEEE 802.11n Systems)

相關論文

★ 具輸出級誤差消除機制之三位階三角積分D類放大器設計	★ 應用於無線感測網路之多模式低複雜度收發機設計
★ 用於數位D類放大器的高效能三角積分調變器設計	★ 交換電容式三角積分D類放大器電路設計
★ 適用於平行處理及排程技術的無衝突定址法演算法之快速傅立葉轉換處理器設計	★ 應用於無線通訊系統之同質性可組態記憶體式快速傅立葉處理器
★ 3GPP LTE正交分頻多工存取下行傳輸之接收端細胞搜尋與同步的設計與實現	★ 應用於3GPP-LTE下行多天線接收系統高速行駛下之通道追蹤與等化
★ 適用於正交分頻多工系統多輸入多輸出訊號偵測之高吞吐量QR分解設計	★ 應用於室內極高速傳輸無線傳輸系統之設計與評估
★ 適用於3GPP LTE-A之渦輪解碼器硬體設計與實作	★ 下世代數位家庭之千兆級無線通訊系統
★ 協作式通訊於超寬頻通訊系統之設計	★ 適用於3GPP-LTE系統高行車速率基頻接收機之設計
★ 多使用者多輸入輸出前編碼演算法及關鍵組件設計	★ 無線感測網路之定位追蹤演算法設計與實作

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

在本論文中提出可改善傳統K-Best球面演算法的解碼性能的前瞻式架構。傳統的K-Best架構在進行解碼時, 在判斷存活路徑時僅就該層節點的PEDs進行判斷, 導致最大可能的解有一定的機率被排除在K個存活路徑之外, 容易造成錯誤的情況因而造成效能衰減。所提出的前瞻式架構有別於傳統K-Best架構的地方在於後者, 因此, 而前者也就是本論文所提出的前瞻式K-Best球面演算法在判斷時不僅以該層節點的PEDs進行判斷, 而是將該層節點延伸至下一層之子節點的PEDs拿來做判斷, 因為下一層子節點的PEDs所包含的兩層資訊遠多於只包含一層資訊的PEDs, 用來判斷將可提升存活路徑包含可能解的機率, 也就是說可以有效的提升效能。就模擬結果而言, 當K值皆為10時, 我們可以發現前瞻式架構的效能在錯誤率4×10-4左右的時候, 優於傳統K-Best演算法約4 分貝(dB)。在硬體的實作上, 採用管線式架構以達到高產出的目的, 同時以1-norm取代2-norm, 1’s complement取代2’s complement, 以及硬體共用等概念來降低硬體複雜度, 對於前瞻式架構中的前置排序處理模組來說, 此三種方法, 依據合成的結果可減少70%的複雜度。

摘要(英)

A look-ahead algorithm that can improve the detection performance of the conventional K-Best sphere decoding algorithm is proposed in this thesis. In the conventional K-Best sphere decoder, which uses the partial Euclidean distance (PED) in the current layer to decide the K survival paths, the maximum likelihood (ML) solution may be expelled in the top layers and thus its performance is degraded. However, the proposed look-ahead technique uses not only the PEDs in the current layer, but also the PEDs of the best child node in the next layer. Because that the PEDs of survival nodes in two layers contain more information than the PEDs of the survival node in one single layer, the probability of reaching the ML solution can be increased. We can see that the one-layer look-ahead algorithm outperforms the conventional K-best algorithm about 4 dB when the BER is around 4×10-4. As to the hardware implementation, a pipeline architecture is employed to enhance the throughput. Moreover, we replace the 2-norm by 1-norm, 2’s complement by 1’s complement and also use common term extraction. With these techniques, the hardware of the pre-sorting process in the look-ahead unit can be reduced more than 70％.

關鍵字(中)

★ 多輸入多輸出

關鍵字(英)

★ MIMO
★ IEEE 802.11n

論文目次

目錄……………………………………………………………………………………i
圖示列表……………………………………………………………………………v
表格列表……………………………………………………………………………vii
第一章 ……………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 簡介………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 動機………………………………………………………………………………1
1.3 論文組織…………………………………………………………………………2
第二章 IEEE 802.11n 系統介紹……………………………………………………3
2.1 發送機簡介………………………………………………………………………3
2.2 TGn 通道模型(TGn Channel Model)……………………………………………4
2.2.1 功率方位角分布(PAS)與方向角散開程度(AS)………………………6
2.2.2 入射方位角(AoA)與發射方位角(AoD)………………………………6
第三章多輸入多輸出(MIMO)系統介紹………………………………………10
3.1 系統模型……………………………………………………………………10
3.2 多輸入多輸出信號編碼與解碼(MIMO Encoding and Decoding)…………11
3.2.1 空間多工(Spatial Multiplexing)………………………………………11
3.2.1.1 強制歸零(Zero-Forcing, ZF)…………………………………12
3.2.1.2 最大相似(Maximum Likelihood, ML)偵測法………………13
3.2.1.3 縱向貝爾實驗室分層時空編碼(Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered
Space-Time, V-BLAST)………………………………………………13
3.2.2 時空區塊編碼 (Space-Time Block Code, STBC)……………………16
第四章球面解碼(Sphere Decoding)………………………………………………21
4.1 球面演算法(Sphere Algorithm)…………………………………………………21
4.1.1 簡介………………………………………………………………………21
4.1.2 球面限制(Sphere Constraint)……………………………………………22
4.1.3 樹狀搜尋(Tree Search)……………………………………………………22
4.1.3.1 深度優先(Depth-First)……………………………………………24
4.1.3.2 廣度優先(Breadth-first)…………………………………………25
4.1.3.3 最佳優先(Best-first)………………………………………………27
4.2 實數系統的球面演算法…………………………………………………………28
4.2.1 實數分解法(Real Value Decomposition)………………………………28
4.2.2 實數系統的列舉…………………………………………………………29
第五章前瞻式K-Best 球面解碼器(Look-ahead K-Best Sphere Decoding)………32
5.1 傳統K-Best 球面解碼器的限制………………………………………………32
5.2 前瞻式K-Best 球面演算法(Look-ahead K-Best Sphere Algorithm) …………33
5.3 排序方式(Sort)…………………………………………………………………35
5.3.1 氣泡排序法(Bubble Sort)………………………………………………35
5.3.2 改良式合併排序法(Modified Merged Sort)……………………………36
5.3.3 列舉後排序法(Sort After SE-enumeration)……………………………39
5.4 複雜度計算 (Complexity Evaluation)…………………………………………40
5.5 模擬結果 (Simulation Results)…………………………………………………42
第六章硬體實現……………………………………………………………………45
6.1 設計流程簡介…………………………………………………………………45
6.2 定點數決定………………………………………………………………………45
6.3 硬體架構設計……………………………………………………………………49
6.3.1 列舉後排序法(Sort After Enumeration)硬體設計………………………57
6.3.2 簡化式SE 列舉法 (Simplified SE-Enumeration) 硬體設計…………59
6.3.3 前置排序處理單元………………………………………………………61
6.3.4 其他組合邏輯計算單元…………………………………………………64
6.4 實現結果…………………………………………………………………………67
第七章結論與展望…………………………………………………………………72
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………73

參考文獻

[1] K. W. Wong, C. Y. Tsui, R. S. K. Cheng, and W. H. Mow, “A VLSI Architecture of A K-best Lattice Decoding Algorithm for MIMO Channels,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. III-273-III-276, May 2002.
[2] A. Burg , M. Borgmann, M. Wenk, M. Zellweger, W. Fichtner, and H. Bolcskei, “VLSI Implementation of MIMO Detection Using the Sphere Decoding Algorithm,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, pp. 1566-1577, July 2005.
[3] H. C. Chang, Y. C. Liao, and H. C. Chang, “Low Complexity Prediction Techniques of K-best Sphere Decoding for MIMO Systems,” , IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Systems, pp. 45 – 49, Oct. 2007.
[4] L.G. Barbero and J. S. Thompson, “Performance Analysis of a Fixed-Complexity Sphere Decoder in High-Dimensional MIMO Systems,” IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. IV-IV, May 2006.
[5] Enhanced Wireless Consortium, “HT PHY Specification-Enhanced Wireless Consortium publication”, Dec, 2005.
[6] TGn Channel Model: IEEE 802.11-03/904r4
[7] G. J. Foschini, G. D. Golden, and R. A. Valenzuela, “V-Blast: An Architecture for Realizing Fery High Data rates Over the Rich-Scattering Wireless Channel,” Tech. Rep., 07733P. W. Wolniansky Holmdel, NJ: Bell Labs., Lucent Technol., Crawford Hill Lab., 1999.
[8] S. M. Alamouti, “A Simple Transmit Diversity Technique for Wireless Communications,” IEEE JSAC, vol. 16, pp. 1451-1458, Oct. 1998.
[9] V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, and A. R. Calderbank, “Space-Time Block Codes From Orthogonal Designs,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 45, pp. 1456-1467, July 1999.
[10] A. V. Geramita and J. Seberry, Orthogonal Designs, Quadratic Forms and Hadamard Matrices, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 43. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker, 1979.
[11] U. Fincke and M. Pohst, “Improved Methods for Calculating Vectors of Short Length in A Lattice, Including A Complexity Analysis,” Math. Comput., vol. 44, pp. 463-471, Apr. 1985.
[12] M. Euchner, C. P. Schnorr, "Lattice Basis Reduction: Improved Practical Algorithms and Solving Subset Sum Problems," Computer Science and Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 66(1-3), pp. 181-199, 1994.
[13] Z. Guo, P. Nilsson, “VLSI Implementation issues of Lattice Decoders for MIMO Systems,” IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, pp. IV-477- IV-480, May 2004.
[14] S. Chen, T. Zhang and Y. Xin, “Breadth-First Tree Search MIMO Signal Detector Design and VLSI Implementation,” in Proc. IEEE MILCOM, vol. 3, pp. 1470-1476, Oct. 2005.
[15] D. Pham, K. R. Pattipati, P. K. Willett, and J. Luo, “An Improved Complex Sphere Decoder for V-BLAST Systems,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol.11, no.9, pp. 748-751, Sept. 2004.
[16] M. O. Damen, A. Chkeif, and J. C. Belfiore, “Lattice Code Decoder for Space- Time Codes,” IEEE Communications letters, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 161–163, May 2000.
[17] E. Argell, E. Eriksson, A. Vardy, and K. Zeger, “Closest Point Search in Lattices,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 2201–2214, August 2002.
[18] S. H. Kang, I. C. Park, “Fast and Area-Efficient Sphere Decoding Using Look-Ahead Search,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 2384-2388, April 2007.
[19] A. Wiesel, X. Mestre, A. Pags, and J. R. Fonollosa, "Efficient implementation of sphere demodulation," in Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications , pp. 36-40, Rome, Italy, June 2003.
[20] Q. Li, Z. Wang, “An Improved K-Best Sphere Decoding Architecture for MIMO Systems,” IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, pp. 2190 – 2194, Oct. 2006.
[21] M. Shabany, P. G. Gulak, “A 0.13μm CMOS 655Mbs, 4x4 64-QAM K-Best MIMO Detector,” IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 256-257, Feb. 2009.
[22] D. Wubben, R. Bohnke, J. Rinas, J. Kuhn, and K. D. Kammeyer, “Efficient Algorithm for Decoding Layered Space-Time Codes,” Institution of Engineering and Technology, vol.37, pp. 1348-1350, Oct. 2001.

指導教授

蔡佩芸(Pei-yun Tsai)

審核日期

2009-7-24

推文