主管與非主管對於職家要求、資源、衝突三種感受之差異探討

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：44

、訪客IP：18.226.4.14

姓名

李琪(Chi Lee) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

人力資源管理研究所在職專班

論文名稱

主管與非主管對於職家要求、資源、衝突三種感受之差異探討
(Perceptual differences on work/family demands, resources, and conflict between managers and non-managers)

相關論文

★ 影響外派意願之個人及組織因素研究	★ 員工福利措施重要性與滿意度之關連性-以某高科技公司為例
★ 休閒活動與工作滿意度、個人福祉之關聯性探討 -兼論人口背景變項之影響	★ 工作資源、職家衝突及其後果
★ 職家衝突:工作家庭雙介面之要求、資源與衝突感受之性別差異	★ 工作壓力源與壓力後果之關係：以華人工作價值觀為調節變項
★ 兩岸三地員工工作壓力來源對工作績效之影響：以因應策略為調節變項	★ 工作限制、家庭責任與職家衝突之關聯：以社會支持為調節因子
★ 職場性別公平現況與性別公平知覺對工作態度及工作壓力之影響	★ 工作價值之契合對工作士氣與生活滿意度之影響
★ 工作壓力對工作滿意度之影響：以組織承諾為調節變項	★ 個人背景及幸福感與工作滿意、組織承諾、離職意向之關聯
★ 華人工作動機與工作滿意度及組織承諾之關聯研究	★ 工作型態與工作士氣、工作壓力及生活滿意度之關聯性研究
★ 兩岸華人全職女性之工作家庭資源、職家衝突與後果的文化差異研究	★ 工時的現況與期望之落差對員工工作士氣、生活滿意度、工作家庭衝突之影響

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

工作與家庭雙向衝突所造成的壓力，確實是整體工作壓力知覺的一個重要面向，也與個人所承受的各項壓力後果(如工作滿意、身心健康)有關。但對於職務高低對於職家衝突的議題，探討的資料卻不多。籍由本身在職場上對於職家衝突的切身感受，以描述性的方式去瞭解主管與非主管的差異，進而對職位高低對於職家衝突的議題做進一步的探討。
本研究透過量化分析來驗證下列各項研究結果是否存在，探討管理階層與一般員工對於工作與家庭衝突的高低感受之學術研究。透過本研究的量化分析，主管與非主管職位對於職家要求、資源、衝突三種感受之差異探討的六個假設差異如下：
H1：主管在「工作要求」的感受上高於非主管。
H2：非主管在「家庭要求」的感受上高於主管。
H3：主管在「工作資源」的感受上高於非主管。
H4：主管在「家庭資源」的感受上高於非主管。
H5：主管與非主管在工作–家庭(WFC) 衝突的感受上具有差異性。
H6: 主管與非主管在家庭-工作(FWC)衝突的感受上具有差異性。
此外，藉由質性訪談，揭露量化研究背後更深層的內涵及意義。希望藉由深度的訪談歸納出生成原因，並透過受訪者的經驗與建議以利進一步尋找出實務對策，提供給各公司的人力資源單位，作為發展員工關係的依據和參考。

摘要(英)

Perceptual differences on work/family demands, resources, and conflict between managers and non-managers
The dual conflict between work and family is an important element in the work stress experiences. However, very few studies have examined the possible differences on perceptions of work/family demands, resources, and conflict between managers and non-managers. Therefore, the present study examined six specific hypotheses as below:
H1: Managers perceived higher “work demands” than non-managers.
H2: Non-managers perceived higher “family demands” than managers.
H3: Managers perceived higher “work resources” than non-managers.
H4: Managers perceived higher “family resources” than non-managers.
H5: Managers and non-managers perceived different levels of “work-to-family conflict”.
H6: Managers and non-managers perceived different levels of “family-to-work conflict”.
In addition to statistical analysis, in-depth interviews were conducted. These qualitative data helped to shed light on the subjective experiences of work/family conflict. Practical implications for better balancing the work/family life were discussed.

關鍵字(中)

★ 職家衝突
★ 主管非主管
★ 工作要求
★ 工作資源
★ 家庭要求
★ 家庭資源

關鍵字(英)

★ work demands
★ duty
★ management
★ work-family conflict
★ family demands
★ work resources
★ family resources

論文目次

第一章緒論……………………………………………………………………….1
第一節研究背景.......................................................................................1
第二節研究動機.......................................................................................3
第三節研究目的.......................................................................................3
第二章文獻回顧.....................................................................................................5
第一節主管與非主管職位的特性...........................................................5
第二節職家衝突的介紹...........................................................................6
一、定義.........................................................................................6
二、內涵.........................................................................................8
第三節主管與非主管職位的職家衝突感受差異....................................10
第四節職家衝突的威脅性前因...............................................................11
一、工作要求.................................................................................12
二、家庭要求.................................................................................13
第五節職家衝突的保護性前因...............................................................14
一、工作資源.................................................................................14
二、家庭資源.................................................................................16
第六節職家衝突的後果.............................................................................19
一、工作影響................................................................................ 19
二、家庭影響.................................................................................20
三、個人影響.................................................................................20
第三章研究方法......................................................................................................23
第一節研究架構與研究假設.................................................................23
第二節研究對象.....................................................................................24
第三節研究工具.....................................................................................24
第四節資料分析...................................................................................29
第四章研究結果....................................................................................................30
第一節樣本描述...................................................................................30
第二節研究變項描述性統計分析.......................................................32
第三節主管差異..................................................................................34
第五章　個案報導與分析.......................................................................................41
第一節訪談設計......................................................................................41
第二節個案報導與分析..........................................................................43
第六章結論與建議................................................................................................51
第一節研究結果概述.............................................................................51
第二節策略建議.....................................................................................52
第三節結論.............................................................................................54
第四節研究限制與建議.........................................................................55
參考文獻...................................................................................................................58
附錄...........................................................................................................................76
表目錄
表4-1 樣本特性表...................................................................................................31
表4-2 主要變項描述性統計....................................................................................33
表4-3 主要研究變項之性別差異............................................................................34
圖目錄
圖2-1 以「工作與家庭衝突」為核心的過去相關文獻之大致的研究架構……22
圖3-1研究架構.........................................................................................................23

參考文獻

中文部分
王恩惠 (2006)：《己婚職業婦女工作家庭衝突與婚姻滿意度之相關研究 - 以中央健康保險局為例》。樹德科技大學人類性學研究所碩士論文。
王秉均(1995)：《管理學》。台北：華泰書局。
今周刊電子雜誌(2006)：《明基一場350億元的購併教訓》。第511期
http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/web_content/article.aspx
伊慶春 (1982)：《己婚職業婦女之雙重角色：期望、衝突與調適》。中央研究院三民主義研究所叢書，第9卷，第405-430頁。
行政院主計處(2007)：《96年8月薪資與生產力統計結果》。http://www.dgbas.gov.tw。
李雪麗 (1995)：《已婚職業婦女角色衝突、組織承諾與離職意願關係之研究》。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
呂純純、吳美蓮、賈文靜(1997)：《從控制信念觀點探討企業環境對工作－家庭衝突及其結果之影響：台灣大陸香港華人雙薪家庭比較》。國科會研究報告(NSC86-2416-H033-009) 。
吳來信 (2004)：〈家庭政策導讀〉。《國立空中大學學訊》，第336期，第120-122頁。
林宜輝 (1998)：〈家庭政策支持育兒婦女就業制度之探討〉。《社區發產季刊》，第84期，第95-111頁。
林德明、劉兆明 (1997)：〈新傳統女性：由個案資料探討女主管的面貎與調適歷程〉《中華心理衛生學刊》(台灣)，第10期，第53-79頁。
林顯宗 (1985)：《家庭社會學》。台北：五南出版社。
葉爾雯 (1991)：《影響雙生涯夫妻家庭與職業衝突的有關背景，情境及心理因素之研究》。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
唐文慧 (1998)：《高職業成就婦女的家庭與事業：以商企業女性經理人為例》。台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
唐先梅 (1998)：〈從家庭發展觀點探討雙薪家庭兩性工作家事及休閒時間之分配〉。《中大社會文化學報》，第6期，第75-104頁。
唐先梅 (1998)：〈家庭決策與家事分工〉。《家庭概論》。台北：國立空中大學出版。
唐先梅 (1999)：〈雙薪家庭家務工作、公平觀、與夫妻關係滿意度之研究〉。《中華家政學刊》，第28期，第16-30頁。
唐先梅 (1999)：〈從家務工作的本質談雙薪家庭夫妻家事分工〉。《應用心理研究》，第4期，第131-173頁。
崔來意、温金豐 (2001)：〈高科技公司女性專業人員工作－家庭衝突、工作倦怠及離職意願關係之研究〉。「台灣高科技產業人力問題研討會」發表之論文。
黃茂丁(2004)：《工作-家庭雙向衝突之前因、後果及調節因子》。輔仁大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
黃迺毓、柯澍馨、唐先梅 (1996)：《家庭管理》。台北：國立空中大學出版。
黃洲煌(2000) ：《個人人格特質、激勵認知、工作態度與組織公民行為之關連性研究》國立台灣科技大學管理研究所碩士論文。
許士軍(1990)：《管理學》。台北：臺灣東華書局。
許南雄 (2007)：《組織理論與管理》。台北：滄海出版社。
許碧芬、周倩霈、吳偉立 (2001) ：〈上司性別組合對上司支持與工作-家庭衝突關聯性干擾效果之研究-以高科技從業人員為例〉。「中華民國科技管理學會年會暨論文研討會」發表之論文。
許碧芬、蕭文玲 (2000)：〈高科技業從業人員上司支持與工作-家庭衝突關係之研究〉。《科技管理學刊》，第五卷，第二期，第39-56頁。
涂欣韵（2007）：《工時、現況與期望落差對工作士氣、生活滿意度、職家衝突之影響》。中央大學第十三屆企業管理實務專題研究成果發表會。
陸洛、高淑芳 (1999)：〈主管工作壓力的族群差異：個人背景、工作與職業因素〉。《中華心理衛生學刊》，第12卷，第23-66頁。
陸洛、黃茂丁、高旭繁 (2005)：〈工作與家庭的雙向衝突：前因、後果及調節變項之探討〉。《應用心理研究》，第27期，第133-166頁。
陸洛、高旭繁、周雲、蕭愛玲 (2001)：〈兩岸三地員工之工作壓力、控制信念、工作滿意及身心健康〉《中華心理衛生學刊》。第14期，第55-87頁。
張介真 (1987)：《己婚婦女就與否、家庭型態、生命週期與壓力的關係》。政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
張素怡 (2004)：《婚姻生活經驗與維繫歷程－以家有超時工作丈夫之單薪家庭為例》。天主教輔仁大學兒童與家庭學系碩士論文。
蔡文輝 (1998)：〈婚姻與家庭〉。台北：五南出版社。
蔡婷婷 (2006)：《工作家庭政策、工作家庭衝突與組織承諾之研究》。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文。
蔡燈燦 (2005)：《工作壓力、角色壓力、工作－家庭衝突與情緒耗竭關係之研究－以兩岸電子業為例》。長榮大學經營管理研究所在職專班碩士論文。
劉雅惠 (2001)：《中小學教師的工作-家庭衝及其相關因素之研究》。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
劉麗雯 (1989)：《台灣省政府女性主管事業生涯發展之研究》。私立東海大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
鄭志展 (2006)：《工作壓力、工作家庭衝突與工作績效之關聯性研究－知覺組織支持與工作家政策之干擾效果》。國防大學國防管理學院資源管理研究所碩士學位論文。
戴士閔 (2006)：《商學院碩士班在職進修生工作/家庭壓力與時間配置探討：台灣與美國的比較》。國立中山大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
英文部分
Adams, G.A., & Jex, S.M. (1999). Relationships between time management, control, work-family conflict, and strain. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 72-77.
Adams, G.A., King, L.A., & King, D.W. (1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 411-420.
Allen, T.D., Herst, D.E.L., Bruck, C.S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: a review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 278-308.
Allen, T.D. (2001), “ Family-supportive work environments: the role of organiazationl perceptions”, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 58, pp. 414-35.
Aryees, S., Luk, V., Leung, A., & Lo, S. (1999). Role stressors, interrole conflict, and well-being: The moderating influence of spousal support and coping behaviors among employed parents in Hong Kong. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 259-278.
Bailyn, L. (1993). Breaking the mold: Women, men and time in the new corporate world. New York: Free Press.
Barnett, R.C., (1998). Toward a review and reconceptualization of the work/family literature. Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, 124,125-182.
Beatty, C.A. (1996). The stress of managerial and professional women: Is the price too high? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 233-251.
Beehr. T.A. (1985). The role of social support in coping with organizational stress. Human Stress and Cognition in Organization. New York.
Beehr, T.A., Dunseath, J., King, D.W. (1995). Job Stress Support Buffering Effects Across Gender, Education and Occupational Group in a Municipal Workforce. Review of Public Personal Administration, 60-82.
Beehr, T.A., & Newman, J.E. (1978). Job stress, employee health and organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model and literature review. Personnel Psychology, 31, 665-700.
Behson, S.J. (2002). Which dominates? The relative importance of work-family organizational support and general organizational context on employee outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 53-72.
Beutell, N.J., & Greenhaus, J.H. (1980). Some sources and consequences of interrol conflict among married women. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Academy of Management, 17, 2-6.
Beutell, N.J., & Greenhaus, J.H. (1983). Integration of home and non-home roles: Women’s conflict and coping behavior. Journal of Applied Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 43-48.
Boyar, S.L., Maertz Jr. C.P., Pearson, A.W. & Keough. S. (2003). Work-family conflict: A model of linkages between work and family domain variables and turnover intentions. Journal of Managerial Issues, 15(2), 175-190.
Brisson, C., Laflamme, N., Moisan, J., Milot, A., Masse, B., & Vezina, M. (1999). Effect of family responsibilities and job strain on ambulatory blood pressure among white-collar women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 205-213.
Burke, R.J. (1988). Some antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 287-302.
Burke, R.J., Weir, T., & Duwors, R.E. (1980). Work demands on administrators and spouse well-being. Human Relations, 33, 253-278.
Burley, K.A. (1995). Family variables as mediators of the relationship between work-family conflict and marital adjustment among dual-career men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 135(4), 483-98.
Carlson, D.S., & Perrewe, P.L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: An examination of work-family conflict. Journal of Management, 25, 513-540.
Carlson, D.S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249-276.
Caverman, S., & Sheley, J.F. (1986). Change in men’s housework and child-care time, 1965-1975. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 413-422.
Chiu, R.K. (1998). Relationships among role conflicts, role satisfactions, and life satisfaction: Evidence from Hong Kong. Social Behavior and Personality, 26, 409-414.
Clark, S.C. (2001). Work cultures and work/family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 248-365.
Cooke, R.A., & Rousseau, D.M. (1984). Stress and strain from family roles and Stress and strain form family roles and work role expectations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 252-260.
Crouter, A. (1984). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the work-family interface. Human Relations, 37, 425-442.
Duffield, C.(1994). Nursing Unit Managers: Defining a Role. Nursing Management, 25(4),63-67.
Duxbury, L.E. & Higgins, C.A. (1991). Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 60-74
Duxbury, L. E., Higgins, C.A. & Mills, S. (1992). After-hours telecommuting and work-family conflict: A comparative analysis. Information Systems Research, 3, 173-190.
Eaton, S.C. (2003). If you can use them: Flexibility policies, organizational commitment, and perceived performance. Industrial Relations, 42(2), 145-167.
Evans, P., & Bartolome (1984). The changing picture of the relationship between career and the family. Journal of Occupational Behavior. 5, 9-21.
Fong, Y. (1992), “Women’s life stress perceptions and coping: a feministic view”, Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, 21, 160-98.
Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 65-75.
Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. (1993). Relationship of work-family conflict, gender, and alcohol expectancies to alcohol use/abuse. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 545-558.
Frone, M.R., Yardley, J.K,. & Markel, K.S. (1997). Developing and testing and integrative model of the work-family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 145-167.
Goff, S.J., Mount, M.K., & Jamison, R.L. (1990). Employer supported child care, work/family conflict, and absenteeism: A field study. Personnel Psychology, 43, 793-809.
Goland, M. with Goland, S. (1992). Finding time for fathering. New York: Fawcett Coulumbine.
Grandey, A. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). The conservation of resources model applied to work-family conflict and strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 350-370.
Greenglass, E. R., Pantony, K.L., & Burke, R.J. (1988). A gender-role perspective on role conflict, work stress and social support. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 317-328.
Greenhaus, J.H. and Kopelman, R.E. (1981), “Conflict between work and non-work roles: implications for the career planning process”, Human Resource Planning, 4, 1-10.
Greenhaus, J.H. (1988). The intersection of work-family roles: Individual, interpersonal, and organizational issues. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3, 23-44.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family
roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Kopelman, R. E. (1981). Conflict between work and non-work roles: Implications for the career planning process. Human Resource Planning, 4(1), 1-10.
Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S., & Collins, K.M. (2001). Career involvement and family involvement as moderators of relationships between work-family conflict and withdrawal from a profession. Journal of Occupational Health and Psychology, 6(2), 91-100.
Guelzow, M.G., Bird, G.W., & Koball, E.H. (1991). An exploratory path analysis of the stress process for dual-career men and women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 151-164.
Guglielmi, R., & Tatrow, K. (1998). Occupational stress, burnout and health in teachers: A methodological and theoretical analysis. Rev Educ Res, 68, 61-99.
Gutek, B., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role-explanation for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560-568.
Hall, D., & Richter, J. (1998). Balancing Work Life and Home Life: What can organizations do to help? Academy of Management Executive, 2(3), 213-223.
Hass (1999). Families and work. Handbook of marriage and the family. 571-612. New York: Plenum Press.
Herman, J.B., & Gyllstrom, K.K. (1977). Working men and women: Inter- and Intra-role conflict. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1, 319-333.
Mintzberg, H. (1973). The Nature of Managerial Work. NY: Harper and Row Publisher.
Holohan, C.K., & Gilbert, L.A. (1979). Conflict between major life roles: Women and men in dual career couples. Human Relations, 326, 451-467.
Holohan, C.K., & Gilbert, L.A. (1979). Inter-role conflict for working women: Careers versus jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64:86-90.
House, J.J. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading: Addison Wesley.
Hughes, D.L., & Galinsky, E. (1994). Gender, job and family conditions, and sychological symptoms. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 251-270.
Jones, A.P., & Butler, M.C. (1980). A role transition approach to the stresses of organizationally-induced family role disruption. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 367-376.
Judge, T.A., Boudreau, J. W. & Bretz, R.D. (1994). Job and life attitudes of male executives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 767-782.
Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, D.M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J.D., & Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. N. Y. Wiley.
Keith, P., & Schafer, R. (1980). Role strain and depression in two-job families. Family Relations, 29, 483-488.
Kinnunen, U., & Mauno, S. (1998). Antecedents and Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict Among Employed Women and Men in Finland. Human Relations, 5 (2), 157-178.
Klitzman, S., House, J.S., Israel, B.A., & Mero, R.P. (1990). Work stress, nonwork stress, and health. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 221-243.
Konard, A.M., & Mangel, R. (2000). The impact of work: Life programs on firm productivity. Strategic Management Review, 16, 204-221.
Kopelman, R.E., Greenhaus, J.H & Connolly, T.F. (1983). A model of work, family, and interrole conflict: A construct validation study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 198-215.
Kossek, E.E., & Nichol, V. (1992). The effects of on-site child care on employee attitudes and performance, Personnel Psychology, 45, 485-509.
Levine, J.A., & Pittinsky, T.L. (1997). Working fathers: New strategics for balancing work and family. New York: Addison-Weseley.
Lobel, S.A. (1999). Impacts of diversity and work-life initiatives in organizations. In G.N. Powell (ed.,) Handbook of Gender and Work (453-467). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lu, L., Kao, S. F., Chang, T. T., Wu, H. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2008). Work/family demands, work flexibility, work/family conflict, and their consequences at work: A national probability sample in Taiwan. International Journal of Stress Management, 15, 1-21.
Lu, L. & Cooper, C.L. (1995) The impact of job relocation: Future research . In C.L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.) Trends in organizational behaviour. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 51-63.
Lu, L. & Lin, Y.Y. (1998) Family roles and happiness in adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 195-207.
Lu, L., Gilmour, R., Kao, S.F., & Huang, M.T. (2006). A cross-cultural study of work/family demands, work/family conflict, and well-being: The Taiwanese vs. British. Career Development International, 11, 9-27.
Lu, L. and Lin, G.C. (2002). “Work values and job adjustment”, Research and Practice in Human Resources Management, 10, 79-87.
Lundberg, U., & Frankenhaeuser, M. (1999). Stress and workload of men and women in high-ranking positions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4, 142-151.
Major, V.S., Klein, K.J., & Ehrhart, M.G. (2002). Work time, work interference with family, and psychological distress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 427-436.
Malow, C. (1988). Developing services for employed women: Building on existing network. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Institute on Social Work and Human Services in Rural Areas.
Matsui, T., Ohsawa, T., & Onglatco, M.L. (1995). Work-family conflict and the stress-buffering effects of husband support and coping behavior among Japanese married working women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 47(2), 178-192.
Morrison, R. S., Jones, L., ＆ Fuller, B. (1997). The Relation Between Ledership Style and Empowerment on Job Satisfaction of Nurses. Journal of Nursing Administration,
27(5), 27-34.
Morrison, R.J. & Sebald, M. (1974). Personal characteristics differentiating female executive from nonexecutive personal, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 656-659.
Netemeyer, R.G., Boles, J.S. & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
Parasuraman, S., Greenhaus, J.H., & Granrose, C.S. (1992), Role stressors, social support, and wellbeing among two-earner couples, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 339-356.
Pleck, J., Staines, G., & Lang, L. (1980). Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labour Review, March, 29-32.
Quinn, R. E., and Camerson, K.(1988). Paradox and Transformation：Toward a Framework of Change in Organization and Management, Cambrige, Mass: Ballinger.
Reifman, A., Biernat, M., & Lang, E.L. （1991）. Stress, social support, and health in married professional women with small children. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15, 431-445.
Roskies, E., & Lazarus, R.S. (1980). Coping theory and the teaching of coping skills. In P. O. Davidson & F. M. Davidson (Eds.), Behavioral Medicine: Changing Health and Life Style. New York: Brunner/Marzel.
Scheibl, F., & Dex, S. (1998). Should we have more family-friendly policies? European Management Journal, 16(5), 586-599.
Schmelz, D.R., & Ramsey, R.P. (1997), Considering sources and types of social support: A psycholmetric evaluation of the house and wells (1978). instrument. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 12(1), 49-61.
Shellenbarger, S. (1998). April 15. Work and family: Good news at last in battle of the sexes-men are helping more. Wall Street Journal, p. A3.
Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A., ＆ Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction, and strain. Journal of Management, 23(3), 679-704.
Staines, G.L., & Pleck, J.H., Shepard, L., & O;Connor, R. (1978). Wives’ employment status and marital adjustment: Yet another look. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 3, 90-120.
Staines, G.L., & Pleck, J.H (1983). The impact of work schedules on the family. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
Stoeva. A.Z., Chiu R.K., & Greenhaus J.H. (2002). Negative affectivity, role stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 1-16.
Thompson, C.A., Beauvais, L.L., & Lyness, K.S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392-415.
Thomas, L.T, & Ganster, C.D. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, pp. 6-15.
Thomas, L.T, & Thomas, J.T. (1990). The ABC of child care: Building blocks of competitive advantage. Sloan management Review, 31, 31-41.
Voydanoff, P. (1988). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work-family conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 749-761.
Vinokur, A.D., Pierce, P. F., & Buck, C. L. (1999). Work-family conflicts of women in the Air Force: Their influence on mental health and functioning. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 865-878.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
Zedeck, S., & Mosier, K.L. (1990). Work in the family and employing organization. American Psychologist, 45(2), 240-251.

指導教授

陸洛(Jessica Lu)

審核日期

2008-6-27

推文