淺層砂土中音波傳遞特性之研究

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姓名

吳志鴻(Chih-Hong Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

土木工程學系

論文名稱

淺層砂土中音波傳遞特性之研究

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摘要(中)

摘要
為瞭解音波於土壤介質中傳遞的特性，本研究藉著電容式微音器的高靈敏度及優良的頻率反應，於大型土壤試驗槽中，控制不同鋼球落距使落於砂土表面作為音源。分別量測不同深度聲速、不同位置及深度之均方根音壓及頻率分佈。最後以鋼球撞擊不同材質塊體產生音源，探討其在砂土中音波訊號之異同。
综合實驗結果發現，於淺層疏鬆砂土中，音波傳遞速度介於170~220m/s之間，且隨深度的增加而遞增，但遞增的速度有逐漸變緩的趨勢。控制不同鋼球落距撞擊砂土表面，所產生於砂土中之音波訊號，均方根音壓方面，會隨著距音源距離增加而降低。其中水平方向在距離2m之內，有急劇降低的趨勢，而2m之外均方根音壓降低的趨勢卻變得非常緩慢。頻率方面，距音源水平距離1m以內分佈在300Hz以下，主要頻率頻帶在30Hz以下。而水平距離1m以外分布在30~300Hz之間，主要頻率頻帶在30~100Hz之間。改變鋼球落距條件，不會改變均方根音壓於空間中衰減的趨勢及音波於砂土中的頻率分佈。另外，改變鋼球撞擊材質所產生之音波訊號，主要的差異在於距音源水平距離1m內30Hz以下頻帶中，主要頻率及所對應之音壓大小明顯不同。

摘要(英)

Abstract
To realize the properties of acoustic waves propagating in soil medium, this research rely on the high sensitivity and excellent frequency response of condenser microphone to control the drop height of a steel ball dropping to the surface of sand as a sound source at the large scale soil testing pit. The purposes of this research are to investigate the propagation speed of sound, the distribution of root mean square of sound pressure and the variation of sound pressure in frequency domain in the soil medium. Finally, acoustic responses in the sand layer by dropping a steel ball on different materials were compared.
From the results of experiments, it was revealed that the propagation speed of acoustic waves is about 170~220m/s and it is getting faster with depth, but the growth of speed is getting slower. Acoustic responses of dropping a steel ball onto the surface of sand layer by different drop heights make the root mean square of sound pressure attenuate with the increase of distance between sound source and microphone. The variation of root mean square of sound pressure is very large between 0~1m in horizontal direction from sound source, and very small besides 0~1m. In another aspect, frequency distributes below 300Hz and it mainly distributes below 30Hz within 1m in horizontal direction from sound source. Frequency occupy the domain of 30~300Hz and mainly occupy the domain of 30~100Hz outside of 1m from sound source. Changing the drop height of a dropping steel ball did not change the attenuation trend of root mean square of sound pressure and the frequency distribution of acoustic signals in sand. In addition, the major differences of the acoustic signals of changing the material of knocked blocks is that the change of the dominant frequency and corresponding sound pressure inside of 1m distance from sound source in horizontal direction and below 30Hz in frequency domain.

關鍵字(中)

★ 音波傳遞
★ 聲速
★ 均方根音壓
★ 主要頻率

關鍵字(英)

★ root mean square of sound pressure
★ propagation of acoustic wave
★ sound speed
★ dominant frequency

論文目次

目錄
致謝 II
摘要 IV
ABSTRACT V
目錄 VI
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XI
符號說明 XV
第一章緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 1
1.3 研究方法 2
1.4 論文內容 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1 音波基本原理 3
2.1.1 波的參數 4
2.1.2 音波基本參數 5
2.1.3 音波傳遞速度 7
2.1.4 波傳衰減特性 7
2.1.4.1 空氣中音波衰減特性 7
2.1.4.2 土層中振波衰減特性 8
2.1.5 音射現象 11
2.2 音波之應用 12
2.2.1 音射現象與土壤力學之關係 12
2.2.2 音射源之定位 13
2.2.2.1 區域定位法 13
2.2.2.2 到達時間差定位法 13
2.2.2.3 三軸後德格蘭姆法 17
2.2.3 不穩定邊坡之音波量測 18
2.2.4 微音錐貫入試驗 19
2.2.5 土石流地聲特性之研究 22
第三章試驗土樣、儀器設備及試驗方法 37
3.1 試驗土樣 37
3.2 試驗儀器與相關設備 37
3.3 試驗方法及步驟 41
3.3.1 裝置防砂罩微音器之校正 42
3.3.2 淺層砂土中聲速量測試驗方法 43
3.3.3 音波於淺層疏鬆砂土中傳遞特性之量測試驗方法 45
3.3.4 撞擊不同落點材質之音波量測試驗方法 46
3.4 音波訊號處理 46
3.4.1 背景噪音之影響與校正 46
3.4.2 取樣定理 47
3.4.3 快速傅立葉轉換 48
第四章試驗結果與分析 66
4.1 聲速量測試驗 66
4.1.1 聲速之探討 66
4.2 音波在淺層砂土中傳遞訊號之量測 67
4.2.1 均方根音壓分析 68
4.2.1.1 背景噪音的濾除 68
4.2.1.2 水平向均方根音壓分析 69
4.2.1.3 垂直向均方根音壓分析 70
4.2.1.4 土層中音壓之衰減與分佈 71
4.2.2 頻率分析 72
4.2.3 均方根音壓之衰減與頻率分佈之討論 74
4.3 撞擊不同材質塊體所產生之音波訊號 75
第五章結論與建議 118
5.1 結論 118
5.2 建議 119
參考文獻 120

參考文獻

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指導教授

張惠文(Hwei-Weng Chang)

審核日期

2006-7-15

推文