亞洲氣膠特性實驗—台灣北海岸春季氣膠化學特性

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王證權(Cheng- Chuan Wang ) 查詢紙本館藏

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環境工程研究所

論文名稱

亞洲氣膠特性實驗—台灣北海岸春季氣膠化學特性
(Asia aerosol characterization experiment--Chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols in North Beach, Taiwan in spring)

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摘要(中)

中國沙塵暴對於東亞地區輻射的平衡、氣候的改變、能見度的衰竭、人類的健康以及生態系統的平衡有相當顯著的影響（Chung et al., 1996）。本研究於2001年3月到5月之間配合環太平洋主要國家對沙塵暴的監測，在台北縣石門鄉進行密集性的PM2.5及PM10氣膠採樣，並進行氣膠質量濃度、氣膠水溶性離子、碳成分、氣膠元素等氣膠成份的分析。
結果顯示台灣北海岸氣膠化學特性在沙塵暴與平常日有所差異，沙塵暴時期PM2.5、PM10及PM10-2.5氣膠平均質量濃度分別為43.7、124.4及80.8 μg/m3；平常日的PM2.5、PM10及PM10-2.5氣膠平均質量濃度則分別為26.0、50.6及24.5 μg/m3。這個結果展現沙塵暴時期主要是以PM10-2.5粗粒徑氣膠為主，其質量濃度為平常日的3.3倍。此外，沙塵暴時期較平常日凸顯的成分有水溶性離子的，以及Ca、Fe、Si三種元素；沙塵暴時期的OC/EC介於1.5?2.29低於平常日的3.26?3.30，而且沙塵暴時期的佔PM10及PM2.5氣膠質量濃度百分比均較平常時期為低，顯示沙塵暴會影響二次氣膠光化反應的生成。
在確認氣膠化學組成分析的準確性，利用質量重建方法可將PM10及PM2.5分析的化學成分回復到化合物的狀態，使得可解析百分比提升到79.3％及94％。從氯離子損失法的計算，我們發現61.8％ PM2.5氣膠是二次硫酸鹽；至於PM10氣膠則有38.5％的二次硫酸鹽及27.6％的海鹽氣膠。絕對主成份的分析指出，PM2.5氣膠的最主要來源為人類活動、交通污染及二次光化反應混合的污染源，貢獻質量濃度達65.5％；而PM10氣膠的最主要來源則為海水飛沫、塵土來源、農廢燃燒以及部分的二次光化反應的混合污染源，貢獻其質量濃度的61.7％。氯離子損失法與絕對主成份法推估的一致性，確認了本研究對氣膠污染來源推估的結果。

摘要(英)

China dust storms play a significant role in the radiation budget, climate change, visibility degradation, health effects, and the equilibrium of ecosystems in East Asia (Chung et al., 1996). In collaboration with the major countries of Pacific Rim on the monitoring of China outflow, this study collects PM2.5 and PM10 at Shi-Men in Taipei County from March to May in 2001. Aerosol mass concentration, water-soluble ions, carbonaceous content, and elemental content were resolved from the collected filters.
The results demonstrate a contrast of aerosol chemical properties between dust storm events and normal days in the Taiwan northern coast. During dust storm events, the average mass from PM2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5 was 43.7, 124.4, and 80.8 μg/m3, respectively. In contrast, that of PM2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5 was 26.0, 50.6, and 24.5 μg/m3, respectively. It shows that PM10-2.5 dominated PM10 fraction with more than triple fold in the dust events as compared to normal days. In addition, the concentrated species in the dust storm events were Ca2+, Ca, Fe, and Si. For the ratio of organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC), the values in the dust storm events ranged between 1.5~2.29 that were smaller than 3.26~3.30 in the normal days. More, the fraction of SO42- in PM10 and PM2.5 during the events was found smaller than that of normal days. This result implies the hindrance of dust storms on the formation of secondary aerosols.
In validating the analytical accuracy on aerosol composition, a method of reconstructed mass was adopted to convert aerosol species into aerosol compounds. The method increased the resolved mass fraction PM2.5 and PM10 to a value of 79.3 and 94%, respectively. From the calculation of chlorine loss, we found 61.8% of PM2.5 is secondary sulfate, whereas 38.5 and 27.6% of PM10 is secondary sulfate and sea-salt aerosol, respectively. Meanwhile, the absolute principal component analysis shows the most significant source of PM2.5 contributed 65.5% of mass concentration, which is a source mixed with anthropogenic activity, vehicle emission, and secondary reactions. In contrast, sea-salt spraying, resuspended dusts, agricultural burning, and part of the secondary reactions contributed 61.7% of PM10. The consistency between chlorine loss and absolute principal component methods confirms the results of aerosol source apportionment in this study.

關鍵字(中)

★ 氣膠污染源推估
★ 氯離子損失法
★ 沙塵暴
★ 絕對主成份分析
★ 重建質量濃度

關鍵字(英)

★ chlorine loss
★ dust storm
★ reconstructed mass

論文目次

摘要I
AbstractIII
1.第一章前言1
1.1研究動機1
1.2研究目的3
2.第二章文獻回顧4
2.1氣膠的分類、來源、化學特性及對人體的危害性4
2.1.1氣膠的分類、來源與粒徑分佈4
2.1.2氣膠的化學組成與濃度6
2.1.3氣膠質量濃度7
2.1.4氣膠碳元素8
2.1.4氣膠含水量9
2.1.5氣膠對人體的危害性11
2.2海岸地區氣膠特性12
2.2.1海岸地區氣膠的組成與來源12
2.2.2非海鹽硫酸鹽氣膠12
2.2.3硝酸鹽氣膠14
2.2.4海鹽氣膠14
2.2.5海岸地區氣膠的化學特性15
2.3東亞沙塵暴期物化特徵17
2.3.1東亞沙塵暴發生源及氣候條件17
2.3.2東亞黃沙現象的影響17
2.3.3東亞沙塵暴特徵18
2.4能見度、散光係數與化學組成間的相關性19
2.4.1氣膠微粒的多元線性迴歸消光模式20
2.4.2化學物種散光效率22
2.5受體模式的污染源推估方法24
2.5.1 CMB化學質量平衡模式24
2.5.2因子分析（Factor Analysis, FA）27
2.5.3主成分分析（ Principal Component Analysis, PCA）27
2.5.4絕對主成分分析（Absolute Principal Component Analysis）30
2.5.5多元線性迴歸分析（Multiple Linear Regression Analysis）30
3.第三章研究方法32
3.1採樣觀測點地理環境描述及採樣時間34
3.2採樣量測儀器37
3.2.1 R＆P Partisol Model 2300 Speciation Sampler37
3.2.2 R&P 2000 FRM Sampler41
3.2.3 δ-IAS 採樣器43
3.2.4 R&P TEOM 1400a型PM10監測儀44
3.3採樣觀測方法與標準操作程序48
3.3.1採樣觀測方法48
3.3.2採樣濾紙的前處理52
3.3.3 R&P 2300 Model採樣器標準操作程序53
3.3.4 R&P 2000-FRM採樣器標準操作程序55
3.3.5 δ-IAS採樣器標準操作程序55
3.3.6 R＆P TEOM 1400a型PM10監測儀標準操作程序57
3.3.7樣品的保存方法與時間59
3.4分析方法60
3.4.1氣膠質量秤重分析60
3.4.2氣膠水溶性離子分析方法60
3.4.3氣膠碳元素分析方法62
3.4.4氣膠元素分析方法64
3.4.5氣膠含水量推估66
3.5氣膠污染來源與貢獻量推估68
3.5.1加強因子法68
3.5.2氯離子損失法69
3.5.3絕對主成份分析72
4.第四章結果與討論79
4.1 PM10氣膠化學特性與組成84
4.1.1 PM10氣膠質量濃度特性84
4.1.2 PM10氣膠元素特性91
4.1.3 PM10氣膠碳元素特性98
4.1.4 PM10氣膠水溶性離子特性與陰陽離子平衡104
4.1.5 PM10氣膠理論含水量111
4.1.6 PM10氣膠化學組成百分比113
4.1.7 RCMA（Reconstructed Mass）與GMMA（Gravimetric Mass）之間的相關性115
4.2 PM2.5氣膠化學特性與組成119
4.2.1 PM2.5氣膠質量濃度特性119
4.2.2 PM2.5氣膠元素特性123
4.2.3 PM2.5氣膠碳元素特徵130
4.2.4 PM2.5氣膠水溶性離子特性與陰陽離子平衡139
4.2.5 PM2.5氣膠理論含水量特性152
4.2.6 PM2.5氣膠化學組成百分比154
4.2.7 RCMA（Reconstructed Mass）與GMMA（Gravimetric Mass）之間的相關性157
4.3 沙塵暴時期PM2.5、PM10-2.5及PM10氣膠化學特性之探討161
4.3.1 沙塵暴時期的氣膠質量濃度特性探討161
4.3.2 沙塵暴時期的氣膠元素特性探討166
4.3.3 沙塵暴時期的氣膠碳元素特性探討183
4.3.4 沙塵暴時期的氣膠水溶性離子特性探討189
4.3.5由後推氣流軌跡探討沙塵暴時期特性194
4.3.6沙塵暴時期的化學組成探討201
4.3.7沙塵暴時期特性總結208
4.4氣膠化學特性與散光係數的相關性209
4.4.1 氣膠質量濃度及化學組成與散光係數的相關性209
4.4.2氣膠質量濃度與散光係數的相性210
4.4.3氣膠化學組成與散光係數的相關性211
4.5 PM2.5細粒徑與PM10氣膠污染來源推估213
4.5.1 MEF海水加強因子法（marine enrichment factor）213
4.5.2 CL氯離子損失法（Chlorine loss method）229
4.5.3 APCA絕對主成份分析（Absolute principal components Analysis）240
4.5.4 污染源推估方法之比較255
4.5.5 PM10、PM2.5污染來源之比較258
5.第五章結論與建議260
5.1 結論260
5.2建議262
6.參考文獻263

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2001-7-12

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