大氣常見有機氣膠分析及有機/無機混合氣膠含水特性之研究

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秦若鈺(Jo-Yu Chin) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

大氣常見有機氣膠分析及有機/無機混合氣膠含水特性之研究
(Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Analysis and Hygroscopic Properties of the mixed Inorganic-Organic Aerosol)

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摘要(中)

中文摘要
許多探討大氣輻射作用（Curry et al., 1995; Hegg et al., 1996）、酸性沈降機制（Zhuang et al., 1999a; Zhuang et al., 1999b）、雲霧形成機制（Tabazadeh et al., 1997; Hu and Abbatt, 1997）、區域能見度（Hanel, 1976; Tang, 1980）、氣膠化學組成與人體健康風險評估（Li et al., 1992; Li and Hopke, 1994）與許多熱力學模式及氣候變遷模式等，皆與大氣氣膠含水量有重大關係(Boucher and Anderson, 1995)。
本研究藉由建立GC/MS分析技術，瞭解大氣中常見的吸濕性有機氣膠二元酸與左旋葡萄醣的成分與含量，另外以GC-TCD氣膠含水量分析儀（Chang and Lee, 2002）量測有機氣膠與有機/無機混合氣膠的含水特性，探討大氣常見有機氣膠對典型無機鹽類的吸濕特性影響。
郊區大氣氣膠中總二元酸平均濃度為364±208 ngm-3，濃度範圍為13~906 ngm-3，總二元酸約佔PM2.5的1.8±1.2%、總碳成分的7.7±4.2%、有機碳的9.7 ±5.1%；從物種分布可知oxalic acid 最多，約佔總有機二元酸的76±12％，其次分別為succinic acid (C4)、malonic acid (C3)、glutaric acid (C5)與adipic acid (C6)。都會區大氣氣膠中總二元酸平均濃度486±217 ngm-3，濃度範圍為184~1049 ngm-3，總二元酸約佔PM2.5的1.2±0.5%、總碳成分的2.7±1.2%、有機碳的3.2±1.4% ；從物種分布可知也是oxalic acid 最多，約佔總有機二元酸的81±5％，其次分別為succinic acid (C4)、malonic acid (C3)、glutaric acid (C5)與adipic acid (C6)。在另外的醣類物種分析中，都會區大氣中左旋葡萄醣可作為燃燒氣膠的指標，且與碳成分有相同的趨勢。
在氣膠含水量研究方面，氣膠粒徑會影響glutaric acid有機氣膠的潮解點相對濕度（DRH），對於再結晶相對濕度（CRH）則較無影響。在有機/無機不同混合比例研究中(以oxalic acid與硫酸銨混合)，當oxalic acid有機含量愈高會使硫酸銨的DRH與CRH提早發生，混合氣膠含水量隨著有機氣膠的比例增加而下降。
在有機/無機相同混合比例研究中(以oxalic acid、malonic acid、succinic acid、glutaric acid和硫酸銨與氯化鈉進行混合)，oxalic acid不影響氯化鈉氣膠DRH，但會使硫酸銨的DRH提早，且均使兩種無機氣膠的CRH提早發生；malonic acid則使無機氣膠DRH提早，並延後其CRH；succinic acid不影響無機氣膠DRH，但使其CRH提早發生；glutaric acid不影響氯化鈉氣膠DRH，稍微提早硫酸銨的DRH，且均使CRH稍微提早。在含水量方面，只有glutaric acid會加強氣膠亞穩態水量，其他皆為抑制氯化鈉與硫酸銨的吸濕與亞穩態水量。整體而言，氯化鈉、硫酸銨受四種有機氣膠影響的含水量有不同的特性。

摘要(英)

Abstract
Hygroscopic aerosols are significant in aerosol radiative forcing, acid deposition, formation of clouds and fogs, regional visibility, climate change, and human health assessment (Curry et al., 1995 ; Hegg et al., 1996；Zhuang et al., 1999a ; Zhuang et al., 1999b；Tabazadeh et al., 1997; Hu and Abbatt, 1997；Li and Hopke, 1994). Recently, the effect of organic component of a mixed aerosol on its water content has drawn a great attention. The thermal-equilibrium model for inorganic-organic mixed aerosols apparently needs experimental data to validate.
This study modified analytical methods for the determination of straight chain dicarboxylic acids (C2-C10) and levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosol using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, a gas chromatography/thermal conductivity detector (GC/TCD, Chang and Lee, 2002) is applied for measuring water mass of pure dicarboxylic acids and internally mixed inorganic-organic aerosols. The objectives are investigating particle size on the humidogram of dicarboxylic acids and studying the effects of organic component to the aerosol water associated with inorganic aerosol typically found in the atmosphere.
The average of total dicaroxylic acids (C2-C10) of rural aerosol at Shi-Men site was 364±208 ngm-3 and the percentages to PM2.5, total carbon, and organic carbon were 1.8±1.2%, 7.7±4.2%, and 9.7±5.1%, respectively. In contrast, the average of total dicaroxylic acids (C2-C10) of urban aerosol at Hsin-Chuang site was 486±217 ngm-3 and the percentages to PM2.5, total carbon, and organic carbon were 1.2±0.5%、2.7±1.2% and 3.2±1.4%, respectively. Oxalic acid (C2) was the most abundant dicarboxylic acid and was 81±5% and 76±12％ of total dicaroxylic acids at urban and rural site. For other important species, levoglusan is identified as a potential marker for biomass burning in atmospheric aerosol.
In the study of aerosol hygroscopic properties, the results show bigger particle tends to retard water uptake of glutaric acid during deliquescence cycle but without a major influence on efflorescence cycle. Oxalic acid exerts its influence on reducing water uptake and lowering the DRH（Deliquescence Relative Humidity） and CRH（Crystallization Relative Humidity） of the inorangic component salt in a mixed aerosol.
For inorganic aerosol (NaCl and (NH4)2SO4) mixed with organic aerosol (oxalic acid, succinic acid, malonic acid and glutaric acid) at the same mass ratio, the orangics show varied individual effects on the mixed inorganic aerosols. Oxalic acid exerts no influence on the DRH of NaCl but tends to lower the DRH of (NH4)2SO4. Malonic acid lowers the DRH of the associated inorganic salt and delays its CRH. Succinic acid has no effect on the DRH of the associated inorganic salt but makes its CRH occurring at higher RH. Glutaric acid shows no effect on the DRH of NaCl but slightly lower the DRH of (NH4)2SO4. Glutaric acid also pushes CRH of both inorganic salts to a slightly higher value. For the effect of organic component to the aerosol water of a mixed salt, glutaric acid is the only one which enhances metastable water content. In summary, the water content of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 is influenced individually by the incorporated four organic components.

關鍵字(中)

★ 有機氣膠
★ 二元酸
★ 混合氣膠
★ 氣膠含水量
★ 潮解點相對溼度
★ 再結晶點相對濕度

關鍵字(英)

★ organic aerosol
★ dicarboxylic acid
★ aerosol water content
★ crystalization relative humidity
★ deliquescence relative humidity

論文目次

目錄
中文摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 IX
第一章前言 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2研究內容與目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1大氣微粒中常見的有機成分 3
2.1.1大氣微粒中常見的有機種類與含量 3
2.1.2大氣微粒中低分子量二元酸的來源與特性 6
2.1.3大氣微粒中左旋葡萄醣的來源與特性 12
2.1.5有機物種的分析儀器與方法 14
2.2氣膠含水特性 18
2.2.1無機氣膠含水特性 19
2.2.2有機氣膠含水特性 23
2.2.3有機無機混合氣膠物含水特性 28
2.3氣膠含水量量測方法 30
2.3.1秤重法 30
2.3.2 TDMA (tandem differential mobility analyzer)法 31
2.3.3 EDB(electrodynamic balance)法 32
2.3.4 RSMS (rapid single-particle mass spectrometry)法 33
2.3.5 FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)法 33
2.3.6 Karl Fischer法 33
2.3.7 EA-TCD法 33
2.3.8其他量測方法 34
2.4影響氣膠含水特性的因子 34
2.4.1溫度 34
2.4.2大氣濕度 36
2.4.3氣膠物種組成 37
2.4.3氣膠粒徑 38
2.4.4氣膠混合方式 38
2.4.5氣膠亞穩定特性（metastability） 39
2.5氣膠含水特性對環境的衝擊 39
2.5.1氣膠質量濃度量測 39
2.5.2 酸性沉降 40
2.5.3 氣膠光學性質 41
2.5.4 氣候變遷 43
2.5.5人體健康 45
第三章研究方法 47
3.1研究流程架構 47
3.2二元有機酸分析方法 48
3.2.1化學藥劑與實驗器材 48
3.2.2實驗步驟 50
3.2.3分析儀器設備及分析條件設定 51
3.2.4分析定量方法 52
3.3左旋葡萄聚醣、甘露聚醣與半乳聚醣分析方法 54
3.3.1化學藥劑與實驗器材 54
3.3.2實驗步驟 55
3.3.3分析儀器設備及分析條件的設定 56
3.3.4分析定量方法 57
3.4大氣氣膠的採樣規劃與分析 58
3.4.1採樣地點介紹 58
3.4.2大氣氣膠採樣設備 60
3.4.3採樣濾紙的處理與保存 64
3.4.4質量濃度分析方法 64
3.4.5碳成份分析方法 65
3.4.6水溶性離子分析方法 66
3.5 GC-TCD氣膠含水量量測系統 67
3.5.1 GC-TCD量測原理 68
3.5.2 GC-TCD量測系統單元 70
3.5.3偵測極限 74
3.5.4萃取時間與調理時間 74
3.6含水特性實驗流程 76
3.6.1氣膠產生與採集設備 78
3.6.2氣膠顯微觀察 79
第四章結果與討論 81
4.1大氣氣膠常見二元酸分析方法 81
4.1.1水溶性二元酸酯化劑選擇實驗結果 81
4.1.2水溶性二元酸樣本前處理方法修正 82
4.1.3樣本前處理回收率測試 84
4.1.4有機二元酸的定性與檢量線的製作 85
4.2左旋葡萄醣、甘露聚醣及半乳聚醣分析方法建立 87
4.2.1建立醣類樣本前處理方法 87
4.2.2醣類樣本前處理回收率測試 90
4.2.4 醣類矽烷衍生物GC層析方法測試 90
4.2.5醣類矽烷衍生物檢量線製作 94
4.3大氣氣膠中二元酸與左旋葡萄醣含量分析結果 95
4.3.1大氣微粒PM2.5有機二元酸含量與分布結果 95
4.3.2有機二元酸相互關係比較結果 100
4.3.3有機二元酸與其他成分初步比較結果 105
4.3.4台北縣都會區左旋葡萄醣大氣含量與分布分析結果 107
4.4純無機氣膠含水特性 109
4.4.1 純氯化鈉氣膠的含水特性 109
4.4.2 純硫酸銨氣膠含水特性 111
4.5純有機氣膠含水特性 113
4.5.1粒徑對有機氣膠含水量的影響 113
4.5.2 glutaric acid氣膠含水特性 115
4.5.3 malonic acid氣膠含水特性 118
4.5.4 succinic acid 與oxalic acid氣膠含水特性 120
4.6氯化鈉與4種有機二元酸混合氣膠含水特性 121
4.6.1氯化鈉與oxalic acid混合氣膠的含水特性 121
4.6.2氯化鈉與malonic acid混合氣膠含水特性 123
4.6.3氯化鈉與succinic acid混合氣膠含水特性 126
4.6.4氯化鈉與glutaric acid內混合氣膠含水特性 127
4.6.5氯化鈉與二元酸混合氣膠含水特性彙整結果 129
4.7硫酸銨與4種有機二元酸內混合氣膠含水特性 131
4.7.1硫酸銨與oxalic acid內混合氣膠的含水特性 131
4.7.2硫酸銨與malonic acid混合氣膠的潮解特性 133
4.7.3硫酸銨與succinic acid混合氣膠的潮解特性 134
4.7.4硫酸銨與glutaric acid混合氣膠的潮解特性 136
4.7.5硫酸銨與二元酸混合氣膠吸濕特性彙整結果 138
4.8不同混合比例無機/有機混合氣膠含水特性 139
第五章結論與建議 142
5.1結論 142
5.2建議 144
第六章參考文獻 145
附錄一口試委員意見與回覆 161

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2004-7-14

推文