大氣氣膠含水量受氣膠化學成分的影響及水可溶有機碳分析方法的建立

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陳美君(Mei-Jun Chen) 查詢紙本館藏

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環境工程研究所

論文名稱

大氣氣膠含水量受氣膠化學成分的影響及水可溶有機碳分析方法的建立
(The effects of aerosol chemical property on aerosol water content and the build-up of analysis method of aerosol water-soluble organic carbon)

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摘要(中)

氣膠吸濕特性為大氣氣膠的基本特性之一，因為大氣氣膠吸水導致含水量的改變將影響到氣膠沉降特性、粒徑分布、光學特性及化學反應。本文使用一套能量測收集在濾紙上氣膠的含水量量測系統(Chang and Lee, 2002 ; Lee and Chang, 2002)，量測在鄉村(台北縣石門鄉)、都市(新莊微粒超級測站)、高山(鹿林山)三個地點採集的PM2.5細氣膠含水量，提供在高濕度環境(相對濕度90%)的大氣氣膠含水量。三個地點採樣期間為2006年3月份，鄉村與都市測站採樣期間有受到沙塵影響，高山測站則受到生質燃燒影響。
對於氣膠含水量因子的探討，本文分析氣膠水溶性離子、二元酸(dicarboxylic acid)、有機碳、元素碳，並開發出氣膠水可溶有機碳(water-soluble organic carbon, WSOC)分析方法。本文藉由ISORROPIA模式(Nenes et al., 1998)模擬出無機氣膠含水量，比較實測氣膠含水量，並以分析出的氣膠有機成分，探討氣膠化學成分對大氣氣膠含水量的影響。
實場觀測結果顯示鄉村大氣氣膠中水可溶有機碳平均濃度為2.52 μgC m-3，水可溶有機碳佔PM2.5質量約7.3±1.8%；高山生質燃燒氣膠中水可溶有機碳平均濃度為4.38 μgC m-3，水可溶有機碳佔PM2.5質量約24.0±5.7 %；都會區大氣氣膠中水可溶有機碳平均濃度為2.75 μgC m-3，水可溶有機碳佔PM2.5質量約9.1± 2.8%。石門/鹿林山/新莊三個地點氣膠WSOC/ (Sulfate+Nitrate)含量百分比，在石門平均為14 %；鹿林山約為120 %；新莊約為30 %。三個測站氣膠低分子量二元酸的物種分布，以oxalic acid為最多，其次為malonic acid與succinic acid，而glutaric acid含量最少。
在探討高氣膠含水量釋放行為(effluorescence)以及氣膠含水量，當WSOC/ (Sulfate+Nitrate)混合氣膠中的水可溶有機碳含量越多則氣膠遲滯現象會越不明顯，鹿林山具有高比例的有機碳使得鹿林山生質燃燒氣膠的遲滯現象不明顯。本文控制環境溫度於25℃、相對溼度於30%，發現氣膠仍含有水量，氣膠AMC範圍為1.00~1.41。因此，採樣後濾紙秤重時，須將整個環境絕對濕度控制得更低，否則氣膠含水量會造成質量濃度的高估。石門/鹿林山/新莊大氣有機/無機混合氣膠含水量與ISORROPIA推估無機水溶性氣膠含水量平均值相差皆在4 μg m-3內，表示大氣氣膠主要是以無機水溶性氣膠去吸附水量，無機水溶性氣膠組成以硫酸鹽與銨鹽含量最高，ISORROPIA模擬顯示氣膠硫酸銨含量高則氣膠含水量就越高。大氣氣膠若含有高比例的WSOC會在低相對濕度下幫助氣膠吸水，並造成氣膠在相對濕度20%時，仍無法完全脫附水分成為乾氣膠。

摘要(英)

Aerosol hygroscopicity is one of the most fundamental properties of atmospheric aerosols. The variations of aerosol mass change (AMC) due to water uptake will affect aerosol deposition characteristics, size distribution, optical property, and heterogeneous chemical reactions. In this study, PM2.5 at rural (Shi-Men in Taipei County), urban (Hsin-Chuang Aerosol Supersite), and mountain (Lu-Lin Mountain) sites are collected for measuring aerosol water content at high humid (90% RH) by using an aerosol water mass measuring system (Chang and Lee, 2002 ; Lee and Chang, 2002). The rural and urban samples were affected by Yellow dust transported from Asian Continent, while mountain samples was influenced by transported biomass burning from Southeast Asia during the field trip conducted in March 2006.
To investigate aerosol properties in affecting AMC, this study analyzes water-soluble inorganic ions, dicarboxylic acids, organic and elemental carbons, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in the collected aerosols. The ISORROPIA model (Nenes et al., 1998) is then utilized to simulate AMC of water-soluble inorganic ions for the comparison with the measured AMC. This will enable the study on AMC from the influence of aerosol organic components.
The averages of WSOC and its fractions in in PM2.5 in the field observation are 2.52 μgC m-3 and 7.3±1.8% for the rural site, 4.38 μgC m-3 and 24.0±5.7% for the mountain site, 2.75 μgC m-3 and 9.1±2.8% for the urban site, respectively. For the investigation of the influence of aerosol organic components on AMC, the ratios of WSOC/(Sulfate+Nitrate) are calculated to result in 14% at rural site, 120% at mountain site, and 30% at urban site, respectively. The analyzed concentrations of low-molecular dicarboxylic acids in abundance are in the descending order of oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, and glutaric acid.
In the study of aerosol behavior in the efflorescence mode and AWC, the highest mixing ratio of WSOC/(Sulfate +Nitrate) at the mountain site shows an inhibition of aerosol hysteresis in the efflorescence mode. For an environment controlled at 25℃ and 30% RH, AMC is found ranging from 1.00-1.41 in this study. It suggests that filter-based aerosol mass determined from weighing may be overestimated unless the absolute humidity of the weighing room is tightly controlled. As the differences of measured and modeled AWC using ISORROPIA for all three sites are within ±4 μg m-3, it indicates inorganic species are mainly responsible for AMC. Among aerosol inorganic water-soluble ions, sulfate and ammonium ions are the highest anion and cation, respectively. The modeled AMC from ISORROPIA shows that concentrations of sulfate and ammonium ions are positively related to AMC. High fraction of WSOC in aerosol tends to help increase aerosol water uptake under low RH envieonment in the deliquescence mode. This high fraction of WSOC in aerosol also inhibits complete water release even in the 20% RH envieonment in the efflorescence mode.

關鍵字(中)

★ 氣膠含水量
★ 吸濕性氣膠
★ 氣膠無機成分含水量
★ 氣膠碳成分
★ 水可溶有機碳
★ 氣膠二元酸

關鍵字(英)

★ Aerosol carbon content
★ Water content of inorganic aerosol
★ Hygroscopic aerosol
★ Aerosol water content
★ Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)
★ Dicarboxylic acids

論文目次

1.1研究緣起 1
1.2研究內容與目的 3
第二章文獻回顧 5
2.1大氣氣膠組成 5
2.1.1. 氣膠中常見的無機與有機的種類與含量 5
2.1.2氣膠中常見二元酸物種與含量 8
2.1.3 大氣氣膠中低分子量二元酸的來源與特性 10
2.2氣膠含水特性 17
2.2.1 無機鹽類與有機酸的含水特性 18
2.2.2 有機無機混合氣膠含水特性 24
2.3氣膠含水量量測方法 26
2.3.1 秤重法 26
2.3.2 TDMA (tandem differential mobility analyzer)法 27
2.3.3 EDB(electrodynamic balance)法 28
2.3.4 RSMS (rapid single-particle mass spectrometry)法 29
2.3.5 FTIR (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)法 29
2.3.6 Karl Fischer 法 30
2.3.7 EA-TCD 法 30
2.3.8 其他量測方法 30
2.4氣膠含水特性對環境的衝擊 31
2.4.1 氣膠質量濃度量測 31
2.4.2 酸性沉降 31
2.4.3 氣膠光學性質 32
2.4.4 氣候變遷 33
2.4.5 人體健康 33
第三章研究方法 35
3.1 研究架構 35
3.2大氣氣膠的採樣規劃與分析 37
3.2.1 採樣地點介紹 37
3.2.2 大氣氣膠採樣設備 39
3.2.3 採樣濾紙的處理與保存 42
3.2.4 質量濃度分析方法 42
3.2.5 碳成分分析方法 43
3.2.6 水溶性離子分析方法 48
3.2.7 二元酸分析方法 49
3.3 水可溶有機碳分析方法 50
3.3.1 化學藥品與實驗器材 51
3.3.2 水可溶有機碳樣本前處理方法 52
3.3.3 水可溶有機碳分析定量方法 55
3.4 GC-TCD氣膠含水量量測系統 55
3.4.1 GC-TCD量測原理 56
3.4.2 GC-TCD量測系統單元 57
3.4.3 萃取時間與調理時間 60
3.5 實驗流程 61
3.6 ISORROPIA模式 63
第四章結果與討論 65
4.1 大氣氣膠水可溶有機碳的分析方法 65
4.1.1 量測WSOC樣本的DRI碳分析儀分析矯正方式的選定 65
4.1.2 溫度測試 70
4.1.3 詳細的水可溶有機碳前處理步驟與說明 72
4.1.4 樣本中WSOC含量回收率測試 73
4.2 大氣氣膠中水可溶有機碳含量分析結果 74
4.2.1 PM2.5細微粒大氣氣膠水可溶有機碳含量 74
4.2.2 石門/鹿林山/新莊大氣氣膠WSOC含量差異 80
4.2.3 大氣氣膠二元酸含量 85
4.2.4 TOT與TOR矯正方式碳分析儀量測結果比較 90
4.3 大氣氣膠含水量特性探討 91
4.3.1 石門/鹿林山/新莊氣膠成長因子比較 91
4.3.2 大氣氣膠在不同溼度下的含水量趨勢 98
4.3.3 氣膠含水量對質量濃度的影響 111
4.3.4 ISORROPIA 模式推估氣膠含水量 116
4.3.5 ISORROPIA 模式推估氣膠含水量趨勢 119
4.4 影響氣膠含水量的因子探討 127
4.4.1. 氣膠含水量與質量濃度的相關性 127
4.4.2. 水可溶有機碳與硫酸鹽對於氣膠含水量的影響 131
4.4.3. PM2.5細微粒氣膠中主要成分對氣膠AMC值的影響 135
4.4.4. PM2.5細微粒氣膠中二元酸對氣膠含水量的影響 138
第五章結論與建議 141
5.1 結論 141
5.2 建議 143
第六章參考文獻 144

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2006-7-28

推文