台灣中部高山氣膠特性與氣流軌跡來源

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賴信佑(Sin-you Lai) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

台灣中部高山氣膠特性與氣流軌跡來源
(Aerosol property and air mass origin at high-alpine mountain in central Taiwan)

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摘要(中)

中南半島生質燃燒產生大量的氣膠與氣體污染物，經長程傳輸廣泛影響到下風處的空氣品質。台灣正好位於生質燃燒煙霧氣團傳輸的下風處，是觀測中南半島生質燃燒傳輸污染物的最佳地點。為了避免受到地面污染物的干擾，本文從2007年7月到2008年4月在海拔2,862公尺的鹿林站進行大氣氣膠觀測，以瞭解非生質燃燒期間及受到生質燃燒氣團傳輸影響的氣膠特性。鹿林站生質燃燒期間的PM2.5細氣膠濃度為非生質燃燒期間的3倍，PM2.5銨根離子、硫酸根離子和硝酸根離子平均濃度則分別為1.50 µg m-3、4.06 µg m-3和0.50 µg m-3。生質燃燒污染物指標之一的鉀離子平均濃度為非生質燃燒期間的4倍。有機碳(OC)各成分濃度在生質燃燒期間都明顯增加，但元素碳(EC)只有EC1-OP增加。受到生質燃燒影響，氣膠水可溶有機碳的平均濃度為非生質燃燒期間的3.2倍，左旋葡萄糖的平均濃度為非生質燃燒時期的3倍，低分子量二元酸以oxalic acid為優勢物種，平均濃度為非生質燃燒期間的4.5倍。採樣期間氣流來源以逆溯軌跡線分類，並彙整各氣流軌跡分類的氣膠成分和非生質燃燒的氣膠成分比較，發現海洋傳輸所有氣膠成分濃度都是最低的；大陸傳輸氣流PM10-2.5粗粒徑氣膠濃度較高，且鈣離子濃度明顯高於其餘傳輸類型，推測是受到大陸沙塵傳輸影響；傳輸氣流經生質燃燒源區和中國南方PM2.5、鉀離子、oxalic acid以及左旋葡萄糖濃度都明顯較非生質燃燒期間為高。本文以電子顯微鏡觀察生質燃燒氣膠單顆粒影像，發現矩形結晶形態約佔觀測的氣膠數量70~80%，其次為焦球形態，葡萄串形態數量最少且顆粒最小。在鹿林站使用不同粒徑採樣器採集對流雲霧湧升時氣膠發現，PM1與PM2.5粒徑的氣膠成分濃度與平時差異不大，使用PM1與TSP氣膠的成分濃度差異較明顯。雲霧湧升時氣膠成分中以硝酸根離子去除的比例最高為0.41，其次是銨根離子與硫酸根離子。OC和EC的去除效率分別為0.20和0.22。受到雲霧影響時，PM2.5中的銨根離子、硫酸根離子與硝酸根離子濃度會明顯增加，顯示人為污染物隨著雲霧到來。

摘要(英)

The tremendous amounts of aerosols and gas pollutants produced in Indo China will affect the downwind region as they are transported in a long distance. Taiwan is one of the best places to observe these transported pollutants as it is located in the downwind region. To circumbent the interference from ground level pollution, this study observed atmospheric aerosols at Mt. Lulin (2,862 m above sea level) from July 2007 to April 2008. The goal is to resolve the differences of aerosol property between biomass burning (BB) and non-biomass burning (NBB) periods. The PM2.5 level is three-fold during BB period as compared to that of NBB period. The PM2.5 ammonium ion, sulfate, and nitrate levels are 1.50 µg m-3, 4.06 µg m-3, and 0.50 µg m-3, respectively. Notably, the PM2.5 potassium ion as one of the markers for BB was four-fold as high as that during NBB period. As for the levels of the resolved carbonaceous fractions, organic carbons (OC) were increased significantly, while only EC1-OP was increased for elemental carbon (EC). Moreover, the mean values of water-soluble OC, levoglucosan, and low molecular-weight diacids during BB period were 3.2, 3, and 4.5 times, respecticely, in contrast to those during NBB period. Trajectory analysis for the air masses during observation period shows that the levels of aerosol components were the lowest for oceanic origin. It also shows that PM10-2.5 and calcium ion from China continent were apparently higher than those from other transport paths probably due to the influence of Asian dust. For the air masses from BB source region via southern China, PM2.5, potassion ion, oxalic acid, and levoglucosan were all higher during BB period than that of NBB period. For the aerosol morphology during BB period, the analysis of scanning electron microscopy reveals that rectangular crystal type is around 70-80% in the number of the observed aerosol particles followed by tar ball type and grape chain aggregrate takes the least. Different size cut samplers were adopted at Mt. Lulin to collect aerosols when in the uprising convective cloud, little difference was found for PM1 and PM2.5 aerosol components; however, a difference was exist for PM1 and TSP. Among aerosol components, the scavenging ratio was highest at 0.41 for nitrate followed by ammonium ion and sulfate. The scavenging ratio for OC and EC were 0.20 and 0.22, respectively. During cloud affecting period, the levels of PM2.5 ammonium ion, sulfate, and nitrate were significantly increased, which indicates anthropogenic pollutants were entrained in the cloud.

關鍵字(中)

★ 高山氣膠
★ 氣膠化學特性
★ 雲霧氣膠
★ 生質燃燒

關鍵字(英)

★ cloud aerosol
★ aerosol chemical property
★ mountain aerosol
★ biomass burning

論文目次

第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1 氣膠的來源、分類及粒徑分布 3
2.2 氣膠的特性 4
2.2.1 氣膠的物理特性 4
2.2.2 氣膠的化學特性 4
2.3 高山氣膠特性 6
2.4 生質燃燒 8
2.4.1 生質燃燒的來源 8
2.4.2 生質燃燒的過程 11
2.4.3 生質燃燒的氣體特性 11
2.4.4 生質燃燒氣膠的生成 12
2.4.5 生質燃燒氣膠的光學特性 13
2.4.6 生質燃燒氣膠的化學特性 13
2.4.7 生質燃燒氣膠長程傳輸的特性 20
2.4.8 生質燃燒氣膠的影像分析 21
2.5 雲霧間隙氣膠 24
第三章研究方法 26
3.1 採樣方法與採樣器 29
3.1.1 採樣地點描述 29
3.1.2 採樣時間 32
3.1.3 採樣儀器介紹 32
3.1.4 採樣濾紙選擇及前處理程序 37
3.2 樣本分析方法 39
3.2.1 氣膠質量濃度分析 39
3.2.2 氣膠水溶性離子分析 40
3.2.3 氣膠碳成分分析 41
3.2.4 氣膠有機成分分析-左旋葡萄糖 43
3.2.5 氣膠有機成分分析-二元酸 46
3.2.6 氣膠水可溶有機碳分析 46
3.2.7 氣膠影像分析 47
3.3 雲霧氣膠的收集 48
3.4 判別生質燃燒發生的方法 48
第四章結果與討論 51
4.1 鹿林山背景站頂樓與平地氣膠濃度的差異 53
4.1.1 鹿林站頂樓氣膠濃度平行比對 54
4.1.2 鹿林站頂樓與平地氣膠濃度比對 56
4.2 R&P TEOM 1400A監測儀數值的修正 59
4.3 鹿林站觀測期間污染物濃度特性差異 61
4.3.1 氣膠來源確認 61
4.3.2 鹿林站觀測期間環境條件及軌跡線描述 65
4.3.3 鹿林站觀測期間氣膠質量濃度差異 73
4.3.4 鹿林站觀測期間氣膠水溶性離子與前驅氣體特性 76
4.3.5 鹿林站觀測期間氣膠碳成分特性 83
4.3.6 鹿林站觀測期間氣膠有機成分特性 92
4.3.7 鹿林站觀測期間氣膠黑碳濃度與氣體特性 95
4.3.8 鹿林站觀測期間FK/CK的比例 99
4.3.9 鹿林站觀測期間沙塵氣膠特性 100
4.3.10 鹿林站觀測期間氣膠成分佔PM2.5比例的變化 102
4.4 逆溯氣流軌跡分類氣膠特性探討 103
4.4.1 逆溯氣流軌跡線分類 103
4.4.2 各氣流軌跡傳輸類型氣膠質量濃度 104
4.4.3 各氣流軌跡傳輸類型氣膠水溶性離子與前驅氣體 107
4.4.4 各氣流軌跡傳輸類型氣膠碳成分 112
4.4.5 各氣流軌跡傳輸類型氣膠有機成分特性 116
4.4.6 各氣流軌跡傳輸類型離子比值與相關性 120
4.4.7 以Oxalic acid推估生質燃燒的貢獻量 124
4.5 生質燃燒氣膠單顆粒影像分析 126
4.5.1 矩形結晶形態 127
4.5.2 焦球形態 130
4.5.3 小圓球葡萄串形態 132
4.6 雲霧氣膠特性 134
4.6.1 不同粒徑下的雲霧氣膠水溶性離子 135
4.6.2 不同粒徑下的雲霧氣膠碳成分 139
4.6.3 氣膠在雲霧中的去除效率 141
第五章結論與建議 144
5.1 結論 144
5.2 建議 148
第六章參考文獻 149
附錄一口試委員意見答覆 170
附錄二逆溯氣流軌跡線分類 175

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2009-1-7

推文