以酪胺酸酵素修飾幾丁聚醣
應用於化工程序之研究

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趙恩中(An-Chong Chao) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

以酪胺酸酵素修飾幾丁聚醣應用於化工程序之研究
(The fabrication of tyrosinase on chitosan using in chemical engineering process. )

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摘要(中)

摘要
本研究以酪胺酸酵素改質幾丁聚醣，賦予幾丁聚醣新的官能基，或直接將酪胺酸酵素與幾丁聚醣複合成固定化酪胺酸酵素，探討此諸經酪胺酸酵素修飾之幾丁聚醣在化工程序中的應用。利用酪胺酸酵素之催化能力將3，4二羥基苯甲酸、3，4二羥基苯乙酸及3，4二羥基苯丙酸分別接枝於幾丁聚醣之胺基上，而後探討此三種羧基改質幾丁聚醣對於水中所含鹼性染料crystal violet及bismarck brown Y之吸附移除效率，結果發現以3，4二羥基苯丙酸改質之幾丁聚醣吸附移除效率最佳。在酪胺酸酵素去除水中所含酚之反應中，發現未經改質之幾丁聚醣，亦會吸附蛋白質；經羧基改質之幾丁聚醣可作為酪胺酸酵素之親合吸附劑，其吸附行為遵循Langmuir 等溫吸付及二次動力吸附模式，其中以3，4二羥基苯甲酸改質之幾丁聚醣對酪胺酸酵素溶液中蛋白質之吸附效率最佳。以epichlorohydrin、ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether、及gluteraldehyde為交聯劑，分別將酪胺酸酵素化學鍵結於幾丁聚醣，用於將酪胺酸轉化為多巴，固定化後酪胺酸酵素之溫度穩定性明顯提高，幾丁聚醣上殘留之胺基經遮蔽後，並不會提昇固定化酪胺酸酵素之溫度穩定性，但有助於生產多巴時之操作穩定性。以凝膠包埋、三明治式包埋或化學鍵結之方式，將幾丁聚醣/酪胺酸酵素固著於玻璃石墨電極之表面，製作出可用以偵測出水中酚類化合物濃度之生物電極，凝膠包埋方式可以得到最大應答電流，使用交聯劑增加了偵測穩定性但降低了靈敏度以及延長了應答時間；以epichlorohydrin為交聯劑之凝膠包埋生物電極總體表現最佳。

摘要(英)

Abstract
In this study chitosan was modified to posses carboxyl group via the enzymatical grafting reaction of tyrosinase, or was used to immobilize tyrosinase. The purpose of this thesis was to find applications of these fabricated chitosans using in chemical process. In chapter three, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and hydrocaffeic acid were used individually as substrates of tyrosinase to graft onto chitosan. The grafting amounts of these phenol derivatives onto chitosan were examined and the modified chitosan were used in experiments on uptake of the cationic dyes crystal violet and bismarck brown Y by a batch adsorption technique. In chapter four, tyrosinase was used to convert phenol to polyquinone, then polyquinone was removed by chitosan beads and tyrosinase was adsorbed by those carboxylly modified chitosan beads. The thermodynamic and kinetic models of tyrosinase adsorbed by modified chitosan were investigated. In chapter five, Chitosan was activated with glutaraldehyde, epichlorohydrin and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether respectively in order to immobilize tyrosinase for the production of L-dopa from L-tyrosine. The effects of coupling agents and amine capping agents on the operation stability of immobilized tyrosinase were studied. A practical route to immobilize tyrosinase on chitosan for producing L-dopa from L-tyrosine was found. Finally in chapter six, chitosan was used to prepared tyrosinase-based biosensor on glassy carbon electrode for detecting the concentration of phenols. The effect of immobilizing methods, including chitosan gel mixed with enzyme, sandwich entrapped enzyme between two pieces of chitosan films, and covalently bonded enzyme on chitosan films, upon the apparent response of biosensor were studied. A highly stable biosensor was fabricated.

關鍵字(中)

★ 生物電極
★ 多巴
★ 蛋白質吸附
★ 鹼性染料吸附
★ 幾丁聚醣
★ 酪胺酸酵素

關鍵字(英)

★ protein adsorption
★ cationic dye adsorption
★ chitosan
★ tyrosinase
★ DOPA
★ biosensor

論文目次

目錄
第一章緒論 ---------------------------------------- 1
第二章文獻回顧 --------------------------------------- 8
2.1 前言 --------------------------------------- 8
2.2 去除水中之染料 ------------------------------ 9
2.2-1 提高對陽離子染料之吸附力 --------------- 9
2.2-2 等溫吸附模式 -------------------------- 10
2.3 去酚反應 ------------------------------------ 12
2.3.1 過氧化酵素用於去酚反應 ---------------- 12
2.3.2酪胺酸酵素用於去酚反應 ---------------- 13
2.4 檢測酚濃度之生物傳感器 -------------------- 16
2.4.1 以過氧化酵素為生物元件 --------------- 16
2.4.2 以酪胺酸酵素為生物元件 --------------- 17
2.4.3 加入介體之影響 ------------------------ 19
2.4.4 生物元件之酵素支撐材料 ---------------- 20
2.5 酵素固定化 -------------------------------- 20
2.6 左多巴(L-DOPA)之製備 ----------------------- 22
第三章改質幾丁聚醣用於鹼性染料之吸附 ----------------- 23
3.1 前言 --------------------------------------- 24
3.2藥品與器材 ---------------------------------- 24
3.2.1 實驗藥品 ------------------------------- 24
3.2.2 實驗器材 ------------------------------- 26
3.3 實驗步驟 ------------------------------------ 27
3.3.1 幾丁聚醣膜與微小球製備----------------- 27
3.3.2 酪胺酸酵素之萃取 ---------------------- 27
3.3.3 酪胺酸酵素活性測定 -------------------- 29
3.3.4 幾丁聚醣膜及微小球的改質 -------------- 29
3.3.5 掃瞄式電子顯微鏡表面結構分析 ---------- 30
3.3.6 傅立葉紅外線光譜分析 ------------------ 30
3.3.7 鹼性染料的吸附 ---------------------- 30
3.4 結果與討論 --------------------------------- 31
3.4.1幾丁聚醣膜與微小球改質結果 ------------- 31
3.4.2 掃瞄式電子顯微鏡（SEM）表面結構分析 -- 33
3.4.3 傅立葉紅外線光譜儀（FTIR）分析 -------- 34
3.4.4幾丁聚醣微小球上羧基接枝量 ------------- 36
3.4.5鹼性染料吸附 --------------------------- 39
3.5結論 ------------------------------------- 48
第四章去酚反應之應用-改質幾丁聚醣吸附酪胺酸酵素 ------- 49
4.1 前言 ------------------------------------ 49
4.2藥品與器材 ---------------------------------- 52
4.2.1 實驗藥品 ------------------------------ 52
4.2.2 實驗器材 ------------------------------ 53
4.3 實驗步驟 ------------------------------------ 54
4.3.1幾丁聚醣微小球之製備 --------------------- 54
4.3.2 酪胺酸酵素之萃取 ---------------------- 54
4.3.3 酪胺酸酵素活性測定 ---------------------- 55
4.3.4 幾丁聚醣微小球的改質 -------------------- 55
4.3.5 去除水溶液中之酚 ------------------------ 56
4.3.6蛋白質之吸附 ----------------------------- 56
4.3.7蛋白質之脫附 ----------------------------- 56
4.3.8蛋白質之吸附模式 ------------------------ 57
4.4 結果與討論 --------------------------------- 57
4.4.1 幾丁聚醣微小球對去除酚之影響 ----------- 57
4.4.2去酚後之殘留液再去除蛋白質實驗結果 ------ 60
4.4.3幾丁聚醣微小球再吸附實驗結果-------------- 84
4.5、結論 --------------------------------- 84
第五章酪胺酸酵素固定於幾丁聚醣用以製備左多巴之研究 ---- 86
5.1 前言 -------------------------------------- 87
5.2藥品與器材 ----------------------------------- 87
5.2.1 實驗藥品 ------------------------------ 87
5.2.2 實驗器材 ----------------------------- 89
5.3 實驗步驟 ---------------------------------- 90
5.3.1 幾丁聚醣膜與微小球製備 ----------------- 90
5.3.2 幾丁聚醣以偶合劑活化 ----------------- 91
5.3.3 活化後幾丁聚醣殘留胺基之遮蔽 ---------- 91
5.3.4觀察幾丁聚醣膜被左多巴醌攻擊之現象 ----- 91
5.3.5 酪胺酸酵素固定於幾丁聚醣 --------------- 91
5.3.6 掃瞄式電子顯微鏡（SEM）表面結構分析 ---- 92
5.3.7 酵素活性測定 ---------------------------- 92
5.3.8蛋白質量測定 ---------------------------- 92
5.3.9 pH及溫度對酵素活性之影響 --------------- 92
5.3.10 由左酪胺酸製備左多巴 ------------------ 93
5.3.11 固定化酵素操作之穩定性 ---------------- 93
5.4 結果與討論 ---------------------------------- 93
5.4.1 觀察幾丁聚醣膜被左多巴醌攻擊之現象 ----- 93
5.4.2酪胺酸酵素固定於幾丁聚醣 ----------------- 98
5.4.3掃瞄式電子顯微鏡（SEM）表面結構分析 ---- 99
5.4.4 酪胺酸酵素最適pH值之測試 --------------102
5.4.5 酪胺酸酵素最適溫度及溫度穩定性之測試 --- 104
5.4.6 以固定化酪胺酸酵素製備左多巴
5.4.7 最佳固定化酪胺酸酵素於幾丁聚醣之方式(以製備左多巴) ------------------------------- 123
5.5 結論 ------------------------------- 127
第六章以幾丁聚醣為基材製備酵素電極用於水溶液中酚類濃度之偵測 ------------------------------- 128
6.1 前言 ------------------------------- 128
6.2藥品與器材 ------------------------------- 129
6.2.1 實驗藥品 ------------------------------- 130
6.2.2 實驗器材 ------------------------------- 130
6.3 實驗步驟 ------------------------------- 130
6.3.1玻璃石墨電極清洗 ----------------------- 130
6.3.2幾丁聚醣電極之製備---------------------- 131
6.3.3幾丁聚醣電極活化 ---------------------- 131
6.3.4幾丁聚醣電極化學鍵結酪胺酸酵素 -------- 131
6.3.5幾丁聚醣電極包埋酪胺酸酵素 ------------ 131
6.3.6酵素電極活性之測定 -------------------- 132
6.3.7酵素電極對甲基酚濃度之測試 ------------- 132
6.4 結果與討論 ------------------------------- 132
6.5 結論 ------------------------------- 137
第七章總結論 ------------------------------- 150
參考文獻 ------------------------------- 152

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指導教授

徐新興(Shin-Shing Shyu)

審核日期

2004-1-8

推文