博碩士論文 89144003 詳細資訊




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姓名 程進發(Chin-Fa Cheng)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 哲學研究所
論文名稱 為環境倫理學整體論辯護及其應用
(In Defense for Holism of Environmental Ethics and its Application)
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摘要(中) 本文標明為環境倫理學整體論作辯護,是指環境倫理學的整體論遭受到強烈的質疑,它是一種「環境法西斯主義」的擁護者嗎?或甚至直接說它就是環境法西斯主義者,以及整體論者混淆了「實然」與「應然」兩者間的關係,或說它犯了倫理學上所謂自然主義的謬誤。這兩個問題可以說是環境倫理學整體論者的兩個弱點,這是本論文最初的問題。首先,何謂「環境倫理學整體論」?本文的研究範圍即歸聚在西方當代幾種不同的進路以及類型來說明。進行的步驟是先介紹幾種環境整體論,再從思維方法、人性、自然、變化等觀念,進行深層生態學與佛教環境倫理學兩者的對比,當突顯出兩者的不同之處,也看出佛教作為一種殊異的環境整體論的可能。
  倫理學中「休謨法則」的議題,它指出:我們無法從事實之「實然」推斷得出道德上之「應然」。在環境倫理學整體論中,本文舉出柯倍德、羅斯頓與馬瑞塔等幾種不同類型,在面對環境倫理學中「實然」與「應然」之間的倫理學上的難題時,都從自身的環境倫理主張來釐清議題,而且根據不同的方法進路來解題,就在這個過程當中就可以看出他們的論據、思維方式以及作為一種整體論的倫理學特性。柯倍德是藉由「休謨-達爾文-利奧波德」這個模型來解決環境整體論的一個弱點。而羅斯頓不承認休謨法則的難題存在於環境倫理學之中,或者說他的自然價值論的主張並沒有從實然推論出應然的難題,那是因為他發現事實與價值是密不可分地共同進化的;自然中存在著諸多的價值,整個自然史的進化過程更明顯地揭示出:自然就是價值的承載者。羅斯頓自稱這種進路是一種「後生態學」,我們可以說它是自然價值理論的方法論,到後期著作仍是沿用此一方法。馬瑞塔對於環境倫理學中的實然與應然的議題,他的解決路徑和柯倍德與羅斯頓兩人的方法不同,他是從對意識的解析開始,採取現象學的進路,從意識的哲學分析來作為解決環境倫理學中實然與應然的難題。
環境倫理學整體論應用於企業與環境的永續發展議題,本文嘗試從一種環境整體論的觀點作為起點,說明企業應該如何去看待環境與經濟之間的關係,藉由當今已被肯認的理論,如「生態經濟」與「自然步調」等概念,企業經營者透過對自然環境的正確認識與依循自然步調的架構,再加上一種對環境責任的擔當,企業的獲利與環境和諧共存的永續是可能的。本文將這個脈絡整理出來,最後以世界第一家被稱為永續型的企業典範-英特飛公司作為例證。永續型的典範公司被實現,它代表了企業的環境意識的覺行圓滿,以及人的參與是一種圓滿的進化所不可或缺的力量。
摘要(英) Some ethicists contend that human have moral responsibility to non-human beings. While some position may be adequate as a criterion for a moral status, environmental holists emphasizing by the interplay among environment, human and non-humans. Could be the later make their case? What are the contents of environmental holism? This article studies what are the differences between Buddhism and Deep ecology as environmental holism. First, I would introduce three kinds of holism. Secondly, the views of Buddhism and deep ecology on environmental holism would be briefly introduced. I use four important concepts, namely, thinking method, human nature, nature, and change as the theme. In contrasting with deep ecology, we find a possible distinctive interpretation of environmental holism of Buddhism.
The purposes which I will defense for environmental holism in the study are that, is environmental holist really an environmental fascism? and the Hume’’s law is constituted in environmental ethics, are environmental holists violate the Hume’’s law ? I will argue for three different theory of environmental holism. They are Holmes Rolston’’s theory of natural value, Callicott’’s land ethics and Marietta’’s critical holism. According to their special viewpoint , we will observe how can they resolve the problem, furthermore we notice the ethical characteristics of theirs.
Lastly, I discuss an environmental holistic viewpoint on the practical sense of environment for business. Ethical issues produced on business development and environmental healthy, and which had been discussed in the topic of sustainability. Furthermore, ethical and living demand make them became global problems. Is it possible that business profit and harmony ecosystem coexistence sustainable? It is dealt and given a positive answer in this article. The contents are expounded more and more steadily fundamental theory. My strategy is that use natural capital for expressing our whole, rare and limited ecosphere, first. Secondly, We must choice the eco-economy for the only way into sustainability. Thirdly, the four system conditions of natural step provided the guideline for industrial practice can compatible with the earth system. Finally, A sustainable corporation: Interface Co., as an evolutionary corporation can be displayed and explained our original arduous problem. There is an important discover in the end that people have become integral agents of volution.
關鍵字(中) ★ 環境倫理學
★ 整體論
★ 實然與應然
★ 自然價值論
★ 大地倫理
★ 永續發展
關鍵字(英) ★ land ethic
★ environmental ethics
★ holism
★ Hume's law
★ sustainability
論文目次 目錄 ………………………………………………………………………………ⅲ
一、 導論……………………………………………………………………………1
1-1 研究動機與問題陳述…………………………………………………………1
1-2  主要文獻與相關研究之整理分析……………………………………………7
1-3 研究方法………………………………………………………………………18
1-4 研究步驟………………………………………………………………………20
二、  環境倫理學整體論的類型與特性
前言……………………………………………………………………………22
2-1  何謂環境倫理學整體…………………………………………………………22
2-2 對整體論的批評與批判的整體………………………………………………25
2-3 深層生態學作為一種整體論及對其可能的批判……………………………34
2-3-1 深層生態學作為一種整體論………………………………………………34
2-3-2 深層生態學整體論的倫理學特性…………………………………………35
2-4 佛教思想隱含的環境倫理學整體論觀點……………………………………38
2-5 佛教的環境倫理學整體論與深層生態學整體論觀點的對比………………46
結語……………………………………………………………………………50
三、 整體論者如何解決環境倫理學中「實然」與「應然」間的議題(一)
前言……………………………………………………………………………52
3-1 休謨倫理學系統概要與「休謨法則」的歷史脈絡…………………………53
3-2 柯倍德如何解決環境倫理學中「實然」與應然」之間的議題……………59
3-3 柯倍德共同體的道德哲學一元論與論之間的爭議…………………………62
結語……………………………………………………………………………73
四、 整體論者如何解決環境倫理學中「實然」與「應然」間的議題(二)
前言……………………………………………………………………………75
4-1 羅斯頓前期「後生態學」的觀點……………………………………………75
4-1-1 從後生態學到自然價值系統……………………………………………75
4-1-2 柯倍德對羅斯頓前期觀點的批評………………………………………80
4-2 羅斯頓後期的觀點:「我評價,故我在」 …………………………………83
4-3 馬瑞塔之現象學的進路………………………………………………………111
結語……………………………………………………………………………121
五、  環境倫理學整體論之應用:企業與環境的永續發展議題
前言……………………………………………………………………………125
5-1 永續發展與德行倫理…………………………………………………………127
5-2 環境倫理學整體論對自然經濟的觀點………………………………………133
5-3 企業與環境意識………………………………………………………………136
5-4 生態經濟與追求增長的經濟…………………………………………………139
5-4-1 何謂生態經濟……………………………………………………………139
5-4-2 生態經濟對傳統經濟的批判……………………………………………141
5-5 自然步調的原則與永續型態的企業典範……………………………………144
5-5-1 何謂自然步調 ……………………………………………………………144
5-5-2 進化的公司-永續型的企業典範…………………………………………147
結語……………………………………………………………………………153
六、  結 論
6-1 本文所完成的成果……………………………………………………………154
6-2 未竟的問題之說明……………………………………………………………156
參考書目 …………………………………………………………………………………160
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Paterson, B., “Ethics for Wildlife Conservation: Overcoming the Human-Nature Dualism”, BioScience, Vol.56, No. 2, pp. 144- 150, Feb. 2006.
Patridge, E., “Ecological Morality and Nonmoral Sentiments”, Environmental
Ethics, Vol. 18, pp. 149- 162, Spring 1996.
Peters, Karl E., “Pluralism and Ambivalence in the Evolution of Morality”, Zygon, Vol.38, no.2, pp. 333- 354, June 2003.
Robinson, L., “Moral Holism, Moral Generalism, and Moral Dispositionalism”, Mind , Vol. 115, pp. 331- 360, April 2006.
Rolston, H. Ⅲ, “Caring for Nature: From Fact to Value, From Respect to Reverence”, Zygon, Vol.39, no.2, pp. 277- 302, June 2004.
Rozzi, R., “The Reciprocal Links between Evolutionary-Ecological Science and Environmental Ethics”, Bioscience, Vol.49, No.11, pp. 911- 921, Nov. 1999.
Shui Chuen Lee, “An Analysis of the Moral Status of Human Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cell Experimentation”, Proceedings of Third International Conference of Bioethics, Volume 1, Y01-Y09, 2002.
Stables, A. and Scott, W., “The Quest for Holism in Education for Sustainable Development”, Environmental Education Research, Vol.8, No.1, pp.53-60 Feb. 2002.
Thompson, Paul B., “Sustainability As a Norm”, Phil &Tech, 2: 2, pp. 75- 94, Winter 1997.
Wensveen, Louke van, “Ecosystem Sustainability as a Criterion for Genuine Virtue”, Environmental Ethics, Vol. 23, pp. 227- 241, Fall 2001.
三、中文著作
丁錫鏞(主編),台灣的環境保護暨產業永續發展政策,嵐德出版社,台北
市,民國九十一年。
(美) 帕伯夫 (Frank Popoff and Livio D.Desimone) (著),生態效益:企業永續發展之所繫,王育英譯,喜馬拉雅基金會,台北,民國八十八年。
天親菩薩造、真諦三藏 (譯),佛性論,新文豐出版,台北市,民國六十九
年。
朱建民、葉保強、李瑞全(編著),應用倫理與現代社會,空中大學,台北
市,民國九十五年。
李瑞全,休謨,東大圖書公司,台北市,民國八十二年。
李瑞全,儒家生命倫理學,鵝湖出版社,台北市,民國八十八年。
汪文聖,胡賽爾與海德格,遠流出版社,台北市,民國八十六年。
莊慶信,中西環境哲學:一個整合的進路,五南圖書,台北市,民國九十一
年。
(德) 海德格 (Martin Heidegger) (著),存在與時間,陳嘉映、王慶節譯,
三聯書店,北京,民國七十六年。
張祥龍,海德格爾思想與中國天道:終極視域的開啟與交融,三聯書店,北京,民國八十五年。
張燦輝,海德格與胡賽爾現象學,東大圖書,台北市,民國八十五年。
(瑞士)漢斯‧昆(Hans Kung) (著),世界倫理新探:為世界政治和世界經
濟的世界倫理,張慶熊等譯,道風書社,香港,民國九十年。
傅偉勳,道元,東大圖書公司,台北市,民國八十五年。
黃慶明,實然應然問題探微,鵝湖出版社,台北市,民國七十四年。
葉保強,企業倫理,五南圖書出版,台北市,民國九十四年。
蔡耀明,佛學建構的出路:佛教的定慧之學與如來藏的理路,法鼓文化事
業,台北市,民國九十五年。
關子尹,從哲學的觀點看,東大圖書,台北市,民國八十三年。
鐘丁茂,環境倫理思想評析,皇家圖書,台北市,民國八十八年。
釋印順,學佛三要,正聞出版社,新竹,民國九十二年。
釋昭慧,佛教倫理學,法界出版社,台北市,民國九十年。
釋昭慧,佛教規範倫理學,法界出版社,台北市,民國九十二年。
釋恆清,佛性思想》,東大圖書,台北市,民國八十八年。
四、中文期刊.論文集
朱建民,「由儒家觀點論西方環境倫理學之人類中心主義與自然中心主義的對立」,鵝湖學誌,25期,1-40頁,2000。
李瑞全,「儒學之永續發展基本理念」,應用倫理研究通訊,10期,21-24頁,1999。
李瑞全,「非人類中心的環境倫理觀」,應用倫理研究通訊,20期,1- 4頁,
2001。
李瑞全,「儒家的生態智慧:一個全球生態哲學理念」,2001年生態哲學與環境倫理研討會論文集,1-5頁,師範大學環境教育中心,台北市,2001 年11月。
李瑞全,「儒家環境倫理學之基本概念:對伽理葛特之構想的一個批判回應」,鵝湖學誌,25期,189-205頁,2000。
林益仁,「環境哲學與社會實踐」,當代,165期,26-39頁,2001。
陳慈美,「寧靜的力量:柯倍德的環境哲學信念」,當代,165期,10-25頁,
2001。
(美)柯倍德(J. Baird Callicott) (演講文),「第三、第四世界對西方保育哲學的批判」陳慈美譯,當代,165期,56-61頁,2001。
(美)柯倍德(J. Baird Callicott) (演講文),「建構廿一世紀的保育哲學」陳慈美譯,當代,165期,10-25頁,2001。
(美)柯倍德(J. Baird Callicott),「生態永續的保育」,張益華譯,當代,
165期,40-55頁,2001。
張倢妤,「歐盟三大指令問答集」,看守台灣,Vol.8 No.3,6-10頁,2006。
張鼎國,「理解,詮釋與對話:從哲學詮釋學的實踐觀點論多元主義」,輯於蕭高彥、蘇文流(主編),多元主義,頁307-35,中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所,台北市,1998。
葉保強,「企業永續經營的願景與實踐」,應用倫理研究通訊,23期,37-46頁,2002。
程進發,「從多重判準的原則檢視榦細胞研究的道德地位議題」,2002年第三屆生命倫理學國際會議論文集,F01-F13,中央大學哲學研究所,中壢市,2002年6月。
程進發,「從環境倫理學整體論觀點談企業對環境的覺行」,台灣人文生態研究,第七卷第二期,41-64頁,靜宜大學生態學系,2005。
程進發,「環境倫理學家羅斯頓的自然美學與生命教育」,2002年全國生命教育理論與實務研討會,43-62頁,私立育達技術學院,苗栗,2002 年5月。
楊劍豐,「梅洛—龐蒂漩渦存有論研究:體的結構與辯證」,私立東海大學哲學研究所,博士論文,民國八十五年。
鄭益明,「零廢棄」,看守台灣,Vol.6 No.4,4-8頁,2004。
蕭振邦,「大地美學:其議題探究與可能開展」,鵝湖學誌,第二十五期,101-144頁,2000。
蕭振邦,「佛教倫理學:價值與意義之間的倫理向度」,2002年佛教研究的傳承與創新學術研討會,現代佛教學會,台北市,2002年3月。
蕭振邦,「後設美學概論」,文學與美學第七集,15-70頁,文史哲出版社,台北,2004。
蕭振邦,「『環境正義』論述的哲學反省」,應用倫理研究通訊,36期,1-8頁,2005。
蕭振邦,「人類如何對待大自然: 一個環境倫理學的反省」,國立中央大學人文學報,23卷,269-311頁,2001。
蕭振邦,「Touching The Void的登山哲學反省」,鵝湖,373期,47-60頁,
2006。
指導教授 蕭振邦(Jenn-bang Shiau) 審核日期 2007-7-6
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