光學質心法應用於光電量測系統之研究

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姓名

吳季樺(Jih-Huah Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

光電科學與工程學系

論文名稱

光學質心法應用於光電量測系統之研究
(The application of centroid method on electro-optical measurement systems)

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摘要(中)

摘要
本論文主要利用光學質心法配合CMOS影像感測器及其他光源(包括雷射、發光二極體)應用於新型的光電量測系統的研究。光學質心法已被廣泛應用於許多的光電系統上，尤其結合電子影像的光電系統不但可取得所要的量測資料更可同時處理影像，使得擷取的資訊更豐富、更完整。首先探討光學質心法的理論基礎及誤差參數，同時詳述我們應用此方法所發展出來的現代光電量測系統，包括: 工業自動化應用(包含單、雙目標:主動式及被動式測距)、配合紅外線雷射及CMOS影像感測器應用於汽車測距、配合光學設計鏡組所研發出來的電子影像水平儀，利用光學三角測量法及快速傅利葉轉換所研發出來的人類脈搏量測系統。近年來由於半導體製程的進步，CMOS影像感測器的發展日新月異，其體積小、低耗電、價格低廉，並且系統整合於一單晶片上，運用此CMOS影像感測器配合光學質心法研發先進低價的光電量測系統是本論文的目的。

摘要(英)

Abstract
To design some low cost, practical electro-optical systems with CMOS image sensor, light sources and centroid method is the goal of this dissertation. The centroid method has been applied to many large field applications, including target or star tracking, industrial applications, infrared image tracking, et al. However, Laser triangulation and target tracking are normally used in conjunction with position sensing detectors (PSDs) or with charge coupled devices (CCDs), where the centroid position is found through intensity profile fitting to a similar Gaussian shaped light spot. In this dissertation, a CMOS image sensor is adopted to function as a one-dimensional array position sensing detector (in active range finder and pulse measurement system) or two-dimensional array position detector (in passive range finder and tilt sensor).
First, the presented range finders with a CMOS image sensor and different light sources are based on simple triangulation method. By adjusting the exposure time (ET) of the CMOS image sensor, the image processing and triangulation range finder can be integrated in one system. Hence the fields of applications are very versatile, ranging from industrial automation to traffic, aiming system and blind guidance as well.
Second, a low cost prototype of a laser range finder using a CMOS image sensor is developed for the automotive field. The system presented here is also based on triangulation. The gravity of the infrared laser spot on CMOS image sensor is converted into pixel coordinates proportional to the distance to be measured. The system is operated in two modes: continuous wave (CW) and pulsed mode. The comparison of these two modes also has been conducted and presented. From the experimental results, it was found that the distance could be estimated with accuracy better than 1.1% within the range of 5 to 45 meters.
Third, a low cost, compact electro-optical (EO) leveler using a CMOS image sensor is developed for the purpose of tilt angle measurement. The two lenses optical system is designed to find the tilt information of the total system. ZEMAX was used to design and predict the performance of this optical system. One lens was designed to be bowl shaped and can hold a liquid. The gravity of the light spot on the CMOS image sensor is converted into pixel coordinates proportional to the tilt angle to be measured. The experimental results verified the simulation results. The reading tilt angle can be estimated with a resolution at better than 4.2 sec of arc.
Final, a non-invasive, non-contact measurement of pulse waveforms by applying optical triangulation technology on skin surface vibration is developed. The arterial pulsation information can be obtained with this measurement system. An algorithm to evaluate the pulsing activities from center of laser spot intensity on a certain wrist point has been conducted by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The amplitude and frequency of vibration of skin can be known by this measurement system.

關鍵字(中)

★ 脈搏量測
★ 水平儀
★ 測距儀
★ 光學質心法

關鍵字(英)

★ pulse measurement
★ tilt sensor
★ eletro-optical leveler
★ centroid
★ laser range finder

論文目次

Contents
Abstract (in Chinese) I
Abstract (in English) II
Acknowledgments IV
Contents V
Table Captions VIII
Figure Captions IX
Acronym XII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The background of Centroid method 1
1.2 The studied motivation and studied purpose 1
1.3 The application of centroid method in electro-optical system 3
Reference of Chapter 1 6
Chapter 2 Theory and Error analysis 7
2.1 Centroid method
2.2. Error sources of an electro-optical system based on centroid method 8
Reference of Chapter 2 19
Chapter3 Active and passive range finder used in industrial automation 20
3.1 History of range finder and fundamental of optical triangulation 20
3.2 Choosing detector and light source 21
3.3 Active range finder (laser range finder) 22
3.4 Passive range finder 29
3. 5. Error analysis 35
3.6. Conclusion 36
Reference of Chapter 3 37
Chapter 4 Laser range finder using a CMOS image sensor in automotive field 38
4.1 The studied motivation and studied purpose 38
4.2 wavelength selection 41
4.3 Laser driver and TE cooler circuit 45
4.4 Principle of measurement 48
4.5 Experimental setup 51
4.6 Experimental results 53
4.7. Discussion 58
4.8 Conclusions 59
Reference of Chapter 4 60
Chapter 5 Electro-optical tilt sensor using a bowl shape lens 63
5.1 Background of tilt sensor or level measurement 63
5.2 Principles of measurement 65
5.3 Optical system design and computer simulation 67
5.4 Experimental results 71
5.5. Refractive index measurement 74
5.6. Discussion and Conclusions 75
Reference of Chapter 5 77
Chapter 6 Non contact pulse measurement by laser triangulation 79
6.1 History of pulse measurement 79
6.2 Principles of operation 80
6.3. Materials and Methods 83
6.4. Experimental Results 87
6.5. Discussion and Conclusions 94
Reference of Chapter 6 95
Chapter 7 Conclusions and future work 97
Appendix 2.1 99
Appendix 2.2 100
Appendix 3.1 101
Appendix 3.2 102
Appendix 3.3 103
Appendix 4.1 104
Appendix 4.2 105

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指導教授

張榮森(Rong-Seng Chang)

審核日期

2005-7-6

推文