微型金融過度負債的偵測與預防 -- 以MIX為例

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姓名

吳秀伶(Hsiu-ling Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

財務金融學系

論文名稱

微型金融過度負債的偵測與預防 -- 以MIX為例
(Detect and Prevent Over-indebtedness in Microfinance：Taking MIX for example)

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摘要(中)

近年來，微型金融最大的風險來自於客戶的過度負債問題，因為微型金融跨國資金導引的不均、微型金融機構間的競爭等原因使顧客發生過度負債的問題，客戶無法償還借款，而微型金融機構也無法收回貸款，隨著過度負債的問題越來越嚴重，最後將會爆發微型金融危機。而MIX在微型金融領域中的資訊提供者，其提供微型金融機構的相關資訊，讓微型金融的參與者們有一個更深入了解微型金融機構的營運狀況、面臨的挑戰以及財務績效與社會績效等資訊的管道。本文利用MIX提供的資訊研究在微型金融危機爆發前有甚麼變化，並利用此變化嘗試建立偵測過度負債的方法。本文發現在微型金融危機發生以前貸款總額成長比例、借款人平均借款額之變動百分比、平均每位員工負責借款變動百分比以及微型金融機的流動性有上升的趨勢。而相關團體也提出了準則，如Principles for Investors in Inclusive Finance和顧客保護原則，一些研究與報導也針對過度負債問題給予建議，包括銷售、產品設計與貸款回收等方面的建議。

摘要(英)

Recently, the most risk in microfinance is over-indebtedness. Distribution unequally on cross-border funding and the competition between microfinance institutions make microfinance client become over-indebted. With the problem, clients are unable to repay the loans, and microfinance institutions cannot recover it. When the condition of over-indebtedness becomes more and more serious, microfinance crisis will erupt eventually. MIX is the information provider in microfinance sector, which provides a channel for microfinance participants to gain a better understanding of microfinance institutions operations, challenges, and performance trends. This paper uses MIX data to examine what happen before microfinance crisis, and attempts to establish a method to detect the over-indebtedness. The growth of gross loan portfolio, the change of average loan balance per borrower, the growth of loan balance per staff member, and microfinance institutions liquidity move upward before microfinance crisis. The international groups who are concerned about microfinance have developed some guidelines, such as Principles for Investors in Inclusive Finance and The Client Protection Principles, in an attempt to avoid microfinance crisis in the future. In addition, some research reports also provide suggestions about how to improve over-indebtedness problem. Key words：

關鍵字(中)

★ 微型金融
★ 過度負債
★ MIX

關鍵字(英)

★ Microfinance
★ Over-indebtedness
★ MIX

論文目次

摘要 -------------------------------- i
Abstract--------------------------------ii
誌謝-------------------------------- iii
目錄-------------------------------- iv
圖目錄-------------------------------- vi
表目錄-------------------------------- vii
一、緒論 -------------------------------- 1
1-1 研究背景 -------------------------------- 1
1-2 研究動機與目的 -------------------------------- 2
1-3 研究架構 -------------------------------- 3
二、微型金融商業化下的過度負債問題 -------------------------------- 4
2-1 微型金融的資金流向 -------------------------------- 4
2-2 過度負債 -------------------------------- 7
三、利用MIX 看微型金融危機發生前的變化 -------------------------------- 11
3-1 公、私部門投資人資金流向MFIs -------------------------------- 11
3-1-1 跨國資金與當地資金比例 -------------------------------- 12
3-1-2 資金來源與利率 .......................................................................................... 12
3-2 MFIs 資金流向微型金融客戶 -------------------------------- 14
3-2-1 貸款總額成長比例 --------------------------------14
3-2-2 借款人平均借款額之變動百分比 --------------------------------15
3-2-3 平均每位員工負責借款變動百分比 --------------------------------16
3-2-4 MFIs 流動性 -------------------------------- 17
四、利用MIX 資料偵測過度負債 -------------------------------- 19
4-1 基本的偵測結果 -------------------------------- 19
4-2 調整後的偵測結果 --------------------------------20
五、因應過度負債問題而生的預防改善方法 --------------------------------23
5-1 國際組織及相關團體提出的預防與改善方法 --------------------------------23
5-1-1 Principles for Investors in Inclusive Finance -------------------------------- 23
5-1-2 顧客保護原則 --------------------------------25
5-2 MFIs採取的其他措施 -------------------------------- 27
六、結論--------------------------------29
參考文獻-------------------------------- 31

參考文獻

參考文獻
Abrams, J. Analytics, M. Damian von Stauffenberg and MicroRate, Are Public Development Institutions Crowding Out Private Investment in Microfinance? , MicroRate, 2007.
Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation, Microfinance Banana Skins 2014, Facing reality. Heron, Dawson and Sawyer, UK. 2014
Chen, G. Rasmussen, S. and Reille, X. Growth and Vulnerabilities in Microfinance, CGAP, 2010.
The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, Andhra Pradesh 2010: Global Implications of the Crisis in Indian Microfinance. CGAP, 2010.
The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, Microfinance Investment Vehicles Disclosure Guidelines. 2010.
The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, Cross-border Funding of Microfinance, CGAP Focus Note, 2011.
The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, Current Trends in Cross-border Funding for Microfinance, CGAP Brief, 2012.
Grammling, M. Cross-borrowing and Overindebtedness in Ghana: Empirical Evidence from Microfinance Clientele and Small Enterprises. Technical draft for discussion. ProCredit Holding Frankfurt am Main. 2009.
Haas, Oliver, Overindebtedness in Germany. Working Paper No. 44, Geneva, ILO. 2006
Kappel,V. Krauss, A. and Lontzek, L. Over-Indebtedness and Microfinance –Constructing an Early Warning Index. Laura Lontzek , 2010.
Maes, J. P. Reed, L. R. State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report 2012, Microcredit Summit Campaign (MCS), 2012.
Schicks, J., and R. Rosenberg. Too Much Microcredit? A Survey of the Evidence on Over-Indebtedness. CGAP Occasional Paper 19. Washington DC. 2011.
Vogelgesang, U. Microfinance in times of crisis: The effects of competition, rising indebtedness, and economic crisis on repayment behavior. World Development 31.12 2085-2114. 2003.
網路資料參考
Grameen Bank website http://www.grameen.com/
MIX Market www.mixmarket.org
SMART campaign website http://www.smartcampaign.org/
The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor , Infographic: International Financial Inclusion Funding . 2011 。取自 http://www.cgap.org/data/infographic-international-financial-inclusion-funding
The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor , Infographic: International Financial Inclusion Funding. 2013。取自 http://www.cgap.org/data/infographic-international-financial-inclusion-funding-2014
Microfinance Focus , 6 Microfinance crises that the sector does not want to remember. 2011。取自 http://www.microfinancetransparency.com/evidence/PDF/12.3%20MF%20Focus%206%20microfinance%20crises%20.pdf
Muhammad Yunus, The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006. 2006。取自http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html
Principles for Responsible Investment, Principles for Investors in Inclusive Finance。取自https://www.triodos.com/downloads/investment-management/principles-for-inclusive-finance.pdf

指導教授

邱慈觀、賴弘能
(Tzu-Kuan Chiu、Hung-Neng Lai)

審核日期

2015-6-25

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