博碩士論文 971404602 詳細資訊




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姓名 釋明光(Rev. Wadinagala Pannaloka)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 哲學研究所
論文名稱
(A Philosophical Interpretation of Theravada Buddhist Ethics:An Ethics beyond Being and Non-being)
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摘要(中) 本論文為解決有關西方倫理學界,對於傳統東方倫理中的南傳佛教倫理解釋上的問題。這些解釋是應用傳統西方倫理範疇的術語,如亞里士多德德性倫理學,後果論,規則後果論和康德的義務論,導入南傳佛教倫理,為西方讀者找出理論結構。然而,這些過程並非無懈可擊,我們可以在一些嚐試如此解釋的論述中發現,由於論者忽視南傳佛教倫理的背景,而錯過了它的特殊性質。為了解決這個問題,本論文首先檢查當前研究的問題爭論點,然後檢查佛教教義系統內的倫理理論。

為了尋找此脈絡下倫理的角色,本研究探討早期佛教的關鍵哲學概念的學說--「因果依存性」;它承認條件的存在為人類的困境的起源,人類需要走出條件界,才能達到解脫境界。因果關係被確認為「中道理論」,從「存在」和「非存在」中,避免對本體論地位產生極端觀點。「八正道」的教理被稱為南傳佛教傳統的中道倫理。對實相本體論的理解和倫理路徑理論之間的關係保持中立的聯結,這是佛教倫理的特殊性質。本體和早期的佛教中的倫理道德的關係的解釋,有助於做出更好的正確倫理脈絡詮釋。這將公正地對待在南傳佛教傳統中,所發現到的倫理體系的真實性格。此外,佛法完全在內部存在的經驗解釋道德,但是,它並不局限於「他者覺察」,這被看作是精神的解脫路徑的非常基礎的階段。為了達到解脫,以倫理的支持來獲得洞察力,「洞察」進入實相是必須的;然而,倫理並不是充分的因素。雖然在某個層面倫理為「必要」的因素,但是還是要通過行動者智慧的修煉和內在轉變,以達到完美的倫理境界。
摘要(英) The present thesis addresses the interpretational issues in relation to the Theravada Buddhist ethics, an eastern ethical tradition. The interpretations are made in terms of western ethical categories such as Aristotelian virtue ethics, consequentialism, rule-consequentialism and Kantian deontology. These traditions are applied to find out the theoretical structure for the purpose of introducing the Theravada ethical system to the western reader. The process is not flawless. We can find in certain attempts, the sui generis character of Theravada Buddhist Ethics is missed due to neglecting its context. To address this problem, the present thesis first examines the problematic arguments of the current researchers and then examine the ethics within the Buddhist doctrinal system.
To find out the role of ethics within the context, the present research examines the doctrine of causal-dependence, the key philosophical concept of early Buddhism. It recognizes the conditional existence as the origin of the human predicament and the need to get out of the conditional realm to attain liberation. The understanding of the causality is recognized as the ‘doctrinal middle path’, which avoids the extreme views about the ontological status, “Being” and “Non-being.” The teaching of Eightfold path is known as the ethical middle path of the Theravada tradition. The relation between the theory about the ontological understanding of the reality and the ethical path maintain an invincible connection. This is the sui generis character of Buddhist ethics. The explication of the relation between ontology and the ethics within the early Buddhism contribute to make a better interpretation of the ethics in the correct context. This would do justice to the authentic character of the ethical system found in the Theravada tradition. Further, Buddhism is entirely moral in the explanation of the experience within the existence, yet, it is not limited to the ‘other-regardness’, which is seen as very fundamental stage of the spiritual path to liberation. In order to have the liberation ‘insight’ into the reality is compulsory, the ethics is supportive to gain the insight; however, ethics is not the sufficient factor. Ethics serves as ‘necessary’ factor at one level and ethics reaches perfection with the inner transformation which is experienced by the agent through the cultivation of wisdom.
關鍵字(中) ★ 倫理學
★ 緣起法
★ 南傳佛教
★ 中道,後果論
★ 存有
★ 非存有
關鍵字(英) ★ Ethics, Paticcasamuppada
★ Theravada Buddhism
★ Middle Path, Consequentialism
★ Eight Noble Path,Rule-Consequentialism
★ Being, Non-Being
★ Aristotle Virtue Ethics
論文目次 Abstract i
Acknowledgement iii
Abbreviations iv
Table of Contents v

Chapter 01: Introduction
01.I. Research Background and Objective 01
01.II. Review and Critique to Interpretations
on Buddhist Ethics 07
01. II.I. Virtue Ethical
Interpretations 08

01. II.I.I. Damien Keown:
Aristotelian Virtue Ethics 09
01. II.I.II. Abraham Velez de Cea:
Virtue Ethics 14
01. II.I.III. Charles Hallisey:
Ethical Particularism 16
01.II.I.IV. James Whitehill:
Virtue Ethics 19
01. II.I.V. Conclusion on Virtue
Ethical Interpretations 23

01.II.II. Consequentialist Interpretations
on Buddhist Ethics 24

01. II.II.I. P.D.Premasiri:
Buddhist Ethics as Consequentialist 24
01. II.II.II. Mark Siderites:
Form of Consequentialism 25
01. II.II.III.I. Charles Goodman:
Consequentialism 26
01. II.II.III.II. Theravada Buddhist Ethics:
Rule –Consequentialism 29

01. II.III. Kantian Deontological Interpretations 32

01. II.III. I. S.G.M. Weerasinghe:
Buddhism and Immanuel Kant 32
01. II.III. II. Bradford Cokelet: Kant and Karma 32

01. III. Methodology 33
01. IV. Structure of the Dissertation 34
01. V. Contribution and Completion 38




Chapter 02: Background to Buddhist Ethics 39

02. I. Introduction 39
02. II. Primacy of Ethics 41
02. III. Gradual Path: Role of Ethics 44
02. IV. Instrumental versus Intrinsic Debate 50
02. V. Puñña-kusala Dichotomy 54
02. VI. Kamma and Paṭiccasamuppāda 59
02. VII. Conclusion 63

Chapter 03: Precepts and Rules in Nikāya Texts 65

03. I. Introduction 65
03. II. Different Precepts 65
03. III. Monastic Code 76
03. IV. Purpose of Vinaya 79
03. V. Conclusion 80

Chapter 04: Buddhist Ethics and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics 81

04. I. Introduction 81

04. II. Moral Virtue and Intellect Virtue in Aristotle 83

04. II.I. Moral Virtues 83
04. II.II. Practical Wisdom and Philosophical Wisdom 86
04. II.III. Authority of Contemplation 88

04. III. Sīla and Paññā in Early Buddhism 92
04. III.I. Morality 95
04. III.II. Eightfold Path 98
04. III.III. Role of Samādhi 99

04. IV.I. Concept of Eudaimonia 108
04. IV.II. Eudaimonia: Ultimate End 111
04. V. Buddhist Concept of Nibbāna 115
04. VI. Conclusion 119

Chapter 05: Rule-Consequentialism and Theravada Buddhist Ethics 121

05. I. Introduction 121

05. II. Characteristics of Consequential Ethics 123
05. II.I. Moral Judgment: Motive and Consequences 123
05. II.II. Impartial Ethics 127
05. II.III. Sacrifice of Innocent in Consequentialism 130
05. II.IV. Golden Rule 132
05. II.V. Self-sacrifice in Consequentialism 135

05. III. Self -sacrifice in TBE 137
05. IV. Rules in Theravada Buddhism 141
05. V. Theravada Theory of Well-being and OLT 148
05. V.I. Well-being in Conditional Realm 151
05. V.II. Well-being in Unconditional Realm 155

05. VI. Conclusion 158

Chapter 06: Kamma, Rebirth and Kant’s Religious Argument for God 161

06. I. Introduction 161
06. II. Is KAR Supernatural? 163
06. III. Need Supernatural Belief? Morality in Buddhism 170
06. IV. Kant on God and Morality 175
06. V. Role of KAR in Buddhism 177
06. VI. Altruism and Self Regard in Buddhism 180
06. VII. Conclusion 185

Chapter 07: Ethics beyond Being and Non-Being 187

07. I. Introduction 187
07. II. I. Paṭiccasamuppāda: Definition 188
07. II.II. Paṭiccasamuppāda Analysis 192
07. III. Nature of World View 196
07. IV. Paṭiccasamuppāda to Ethics: Ontology and Ethics 197
07. V. Liberation from Causal Web 202
07. VI. Knowledge of Causality for Freedom 206
07. VII. Being, Non-being and Western Ethics 209
07. VIII. Role of Wisdom 213
07. IX. Conclusion 221

Chapter 08: Conclusion 223

Bibliography 231
I. Buddhist Texts 231
II. Books 233
III. Papers 238
IV. Dictionaries and Encylopaedias 241
V. Internet Sources 242

Appendix I 243
Appendix II 255


參考文獻 I. Buddhist Texts

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_________, 2000, (trans.), The Connected discourses of the Buddha: A New translation of the Samyutta Nikāya, Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Carpenter, J.E., 1992(reprint), The Digha Nikaya, (ed.) Vol.III., Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
Chalmers, Robert, 1994 (reprint), The Majjhima-Nikaya ,(ed.) Vol.II & III, Oxford: Pali Text Society.
De La Vallee Poussin, L., and Thomas, E.J., 1978, Mahaniddesa Parts I& II (eds.), London: The Pali Text Society.
Dhammapada-Aṭṭhakathā, 1998, Maharastra: Vipassana Research Institute.
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Francis, H.T. and Neil, R.A., 1981, The Jataka Volume III, London: The Pali Text Society.
Hardy, E., 1979, The Anguttara-Nikāya (ed.) Part IV&V. (London: The Pali Text Society).
Horner, I.B.,1992-1993(reprint), The Book of Discipline (trans.) Vol.I-IV, Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
Ireland, J.D., 1997 (2007reprint), The Udāna and Itivuttaka: Two Classics from the Pali Canon, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
Kalupahana,David J., 1986, A Path of Righteousness: Edition and Translation of Dhammapada, Lanham Md.:The University Press of America.
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Morris, Richard, 1989, The Anguttara Nikāya, (ed.) Part I, Oxford: Pali Text Society.

_________, 1976 (reprint), The Anguttara Nikāya (ed.)PartI II, London: The Pali Text Society.
Muller, E., 1978 (reprint), Dhammasangani (ed), London: The Pali Text Society.
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Ñanamoli, Bhikkhu, 1991, The Path of Purification, (trans.), Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society.
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Norman, K.R., and Alsdorf, L., 1990, The Thera- And Theri-Gāthā (eds.), Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
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________, 1971, The Elders’ Verses II Therigatha (trans.), London: Pali Text Society.
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Nyānaponika Thera and Bhikkhu Bodhi, 2000, Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikāya, New Delhi: Vistaar Publications.
Oldenberg, Hermann, 1977, The Vinaya Piṭakam, (ed.) Vol.I&II., London: The Pali Text Society.
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Rouse, W.H.D., 1981(reprint.), The Jataka (trans.) Vol.II &IV, London: The Pali Text Society.
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Takakusu, J., Nagai, M. & Mizuno, K., (1947-1975), Samantapāsādikā: Buddhaghosa’s Commentary on the Vinaya Pitaka (eds.) Vols.I-VIII., London: The Pali Text Society.
Trenckner, V., 1993(reprint), The Majjhima-Nikāya (ed.) Vol.I, Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
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Windisch,Ernst, 1975(reprint), Iti-Vuttaka (ed.), London: The Pali Text Society.
Woodward, F.L., 1994, Gradual Sayings Vol. II-V (trans.), Oxford: Pali Text Society.


Chinese

《長阿含經》大正新脩大藏經第一冊。
《中阿含經》瞿曇僧伽提婆,大正藏第一冊。
《雜阿含經》求那跋陀羅譯,大正藏第二冊。
《增壹阿含經》大正新脩大藏經第二冊。
《根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事》大唐三藏法師義淨奉制譯。


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Bunnag, J., 1973, Buddhist Monk, Buddhist Layman, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Chinese

釋印順 , 1992,《印度之佛教》,台北:正聞。
______, 1990,《以佛法研究佛法》,台北:正聞。
李瑞全,2013,《儒家道德規範根源論》,台北:鵝湖出版社。
______,1999,《儒家生命倫理學》,台北: 鵝湖出版社。
______, 1990,《西洋哲學史第五卷:經驗主義》,(譯) 第二部,F.Copleston
原著,台北:黎明出版社。
舟橋一哉, 1993,《業的研究》,余萬居譯,台北:法爾。
吳汝均, 1996,《佛學研究方法論》,台北市:台灣學生書局。
釋昭慧, 2003,《佛教規範倫理學》,台北市:法界。
楊郁文, 1993,《阿含要略》,台北北投區:中華佛學研究所。

III. Papers

English
Ackrill, J.L., 1980, “Aristotle on Eudaimonia,” Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics ed. A.O.Rorty, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.15-34
Adam, Martin, 2005, “Groundwork for a Metaphysic of Buddhist Morals: A New Analysis of Puñña and Kusala, in Light of sukka,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-12-2005/
Adkins, A.W.H., 1978, “Theoria versus Praxis in the Nicomachean Ethics and the Republic, ” in Classical Philology, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 297-313 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/268851 .
Annas, Julia, 1999, “Aristotle on Virtue and Happiness,” Aristotle’s Ethics: Critical Essays, (ed.) Nancy Sherman, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p.35
Gowans, Christopher W., Buddhist Well-Being, URL: www.cbs.columbia.edu/files/gowans-essay.pdf
Hallisey, Charles, 1996, “Ethical Particularism in Theravàda Buddhism,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/04/hallisey.pdf
Cokelet, Bradford, 2005, “Reflections on Kant and Karma,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2011/01/cokelet01.pdf
Evans, Stephen A., 2012, “Ethical Confusion: Possible Misunderstandings in Buddhist Ethics,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-19-2012/
Fiocco, M. Oreste, 2013, “Consequentialism and the World in Time,” Ratio (new series) XXVI
Gómez, Luis, 1973, “Emptiness and Moral Perfection,” in Philosophy East and West 23:3, pp. 361–72.
Goodman, Charles, 2002, “Resentment and Reality: Buddhism on Moral Responsibility,” American Philosophical Quarterly 39:4, pp. 359–72.
_________, 2008, “Consequentialism, Agent-Neutrality, and Mahayana Ethics,” Philosophy East and West 58:1, pp. 17–35
Griffiths, Paul J., 1982, “Notes toward a Critique of Buddhist Karmic Theory,” Religious Studies 18, pp. 277–91.
Halper, Edward, 1995, “The Substance of Aristotle’s Ethics,” in The Crossroads of Norm and Nature: Essays on Aristotle′s Ethics and Metaphysics, (ed) May Sim, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, pp.3-28
Harvey, Peter, 1995, “Criteria for Judging the Unwholesomeness of Actions in the Texts of Theravāda Buddhism,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics: URL:http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-02-1995/
Hurka, Thomas, 1992, “Consequentialism and Content,” in American Philosophical Quarterly 29:1, pp. 71–78.
Irwin, T.H., 1980, “The Metaphysical Basis of Aristotle’s Ethics,” in Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics, (ed.), A.O.Rorty, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.35-54
Ivanhoe, Philip J., 1991, “Character Consequentialism: An Early Confucian Contribution to Contemporary Ethical Theory,” in Journal of Religious Ethics 19:1, pp. 55–70.
Ives, Christopher, 2008, “Deploying the Dharma: Reflections on the Methodology of Constructive Buddhist Ethics,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-15-2008/
Johansson, Rune E.A., 1985 reprint, The Dynamic Psychology of Early Buddhism, (London and Malmo: Curzon Press, 1st edition 1979
Keown, Damien, 2005, “Karma, Character, and Consequentialism,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2011/01/keown01.pdf
________, 2006, “Buddhism: Morality without Ethics?” Buddhist Studies from India to America: Essays in Honor of Charles S.Prebish, (ed.), Damien Keown, New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp.40-48
Lee, Shui Chuen, 1984, “Conscience, Morality and Creativity,” in Phenomenology of
Life in a Dialogue between Chinese and Occidental Philosophy, Analecta Husserliana Vol.XVII A, Holland: D. Reidel Pub. Co., pp.179-185.
Mills, Ethan, 2004, “Cultivation of Moral Concern in Theravāda Buddhism: Toward a Theory of the Relation between Tranquility and Insight,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-11-2004/
Nagel, Thomas, 1980, “Aristotle on Eudaimonia” Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics, ed. Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.7-14
Premasiri, P. D., 1975, “Moral Evaluation in Early Buddhism,” Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 2, pp. 63–74.
________, 1976, “Interpretation of Two Principle Ethical Terms in Early Buddhism,” Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 2:2, pp. 63–74
_________, 2006, “Introduction to Ethics in Buddhism,” Studies in Buddhist Philosophy and Religion, (eds.), Soorakkulame Permarantana and Raluwe Padmasiri, Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society.
Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg, 1980, “The Place of Contemplation in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics,” Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics, (ed.), Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.377-394
Siderits, Mark, 1987, “Beyond Compatibilism: A Buddhist Approach to Freedom and Determinism,” American Philosophical Quarterly 24:2, pp. 149–59.
________, 1997, “Buddhist Reductionism,” Philosophy East and West 47:4, pp. 455–78.
Sim, May, 1995 “The Senses of Being in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics,” The Crossroads of Norm and Nature, (ed.) May Sim, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.INC, pp.51-78
Sorabji, Richard, 1980, “Aristotle on the Role of Intellect in Virtue,” Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics, (ed.) Amellie Oksenberg Rorty, Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp.201-220
Velez de Cea, Abraham, 2004, “The Criteria of Goodness in the Pāli Nikāyas and the Nature of Buddhist Ethics,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL: http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-11-2004/
Whitehill, James, 1994, “Buddhist Ethics in Western Context: The Virtues Approach,” Journal of Buddhist Ethics, URL:http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/category/volume-01-1994/

Chinese

何淑靜, 2014, “Friendship and Altruistic Concern in Aristotle and Mencius,”中央研究原中國文哲研究所與香港中文大學哲學系.
______, 2013, “Human Immortality in Aristotle and Mencius,” 揭諦, Vol.0, No.25, pp.1~32.
______, 2002, “論亞里斯多德與孟子的「福」概念,” 鵝湖月刊, No.329.
______, 2000, “亞里斯多德與孟子:幸福與成聖,” 中國文化月刊, No.238.
李瑞全, 2015, “唐君毅先生與中國哲學現代化之發展:心靈九境之哲學意涵,”《天府新論》,第六期,四川:成都,頁20-32。
______,2014, “世界倫理與宗教對話如何可能,” 鄭宗義、林月惠(合編)《全球 與本土之間的哲學探索:劉述先先生八秩壽慶論文集》, 台北:中央研究院中國文哲研究所,頁3-22。
_______, 2014, “當代新儒家對禮治民主之批判,”《當代儒學研究》,
第十六期,中壢:國立中央大學儒學研究中心,頁1-36。
_______,2014, “唐君毅先生之心境感應理論與圓教模式,” 鄭宗義編《中國哲學研究之新方向》, 香港:新亞學術集刊第20期,頁199-222。
¬¬¬¬_______,2013, “普世倫理與宗教對話:以儒佛二家為例,”《玄奘佛學研究》
第十九期, 新竹:玄奘大學, 頁6-34。
______,2012, “天台圓教之哲學意義,”《玄奘佛學研究》,第十八期,
新竹:玄奘大學,頁129-148。
______, 2008, “唐君毅先生之生命哲學:心靈與境界一體論,”《鵝湖學誌》, 台北:鵝湖月刊出版社,第四十期,頁34-50。
_______,1991, “福報與圓善,”《當代新儒學國際研討會》,論文集第二卷, 台北:文津出版社,21-38 頁。
______, 1990, “康德 ‘符徵論’之倫理學意義,”《鵝湖學誌》,台北:
文津出版社,第四期,頁 125-138。
_______, 1983, “論純粹理性的實踐性格,”《鵝湖月刊》, 第八卷第十期,台北:鵝湖月刊出版社,頁 39-43 。
_______, 1982,“康德論意志,”《鵝湖月刊》,台北:鵝湖月刊出版社,第八卷第 五期,頁11-16。

IV. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

Akanuma, Chizen, 1990 (repri.), The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Agamas and Pali Nikayas, Delhi: Sri Sat Guru.
Malalasekera, G.P., 1983, Dictionary of Pali Proper Names 2 Volumes, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation.
Nyanatiloka, 1991, Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines,
Singapore: Singapore Buddhist Meditation Centre.
Rhys Davids, T.W., and Stede, W., 1986, (reprint), Pali-English Dictionary, London: The Pali Text Society.
Williams, M.M., 1990 (rep.), A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
Zaehner, R. C., 1959, The Concise Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, New York: Hawthorn Books.


V. Internet Sources

http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/bodhi/bps-essay_46.html
http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel130.html
http://ebooks.cambridge.org.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/
http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/
http://lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/Home.aspx
http://portal.igpublish.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/iglibrary/feature/list.html;jsessionid=5AF569D576C43A5A4281BDF140719A03
http://www.sage-ereference.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/ehost/search/advanced?sid=91e79ed4-b77c-419b-a07f-019ae0bd83d5%40sessionmgr4003&vid=0&hid=4109
http://site.ebrary.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/lib/ncu/home.action
http://portal.igpublish.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/iglibrary/feature/list.html
http://taebcmgh.sa.libraryandbook.net.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/FE/main.action
http://www.palgraveconnect.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/index.html
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.lib.ncu.edu.tw/
Sutta Central, Early Buddhist Texts, translations and parallels: https://suttacentral.net/
Vipassana Research Institute, http://www.tipitaka.org/
CBETA中華電子佛典協會: http://www.cbeta.org/



指導教授 李瑞全(Shui Chuen Lee) 審核日期 2015-7-28
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