利用福衛三號閃爍指數資料建立經驗模型

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：150

、訪客IP：3.138.174.174

姓名

陳世平(Shih-Ping Chen) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

太空科學研究所

論文名稱

利用福衛三號閃爍指數資料建立經驗模型
(An Empirical Model of L-band Scintillation S4-index Constructed by Using FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data)

相關論文

★ 台灣地區1996年散塊E層之變化	★ 2000年4月6日磁暴研究
★ 利用GPS觀測與IRI 模擬研究1997及2000年台灣經度赤道異常峰之變化	★ 台灣地區1996及2000年電離層散狀F層與全球定位系統相位擾亂之比較
★ 電離層地震前兆之研究	★ 電離層波動垂直能量傳播之研究
★ 南美洲磁赤道地區散狀F層於太陽活動極大期之研究	★ 台灣地區中界層於第22-23太陽週期間之特性研究
★ 利用全球定位系統觀測電離層地震前兆	★ 臺灣地區電離層季節異常與太陽活動之相關性研究
★ 台灣地區地震與閃電之研究	★ 台灣地區地震前之電離層電子濃度異常
★ 磁暴時低緯度電離層變化	★ 電離層赤道異常與赤道電噴流
★ 日出前及日落後電離層高度變化之研究	★ 電離層探測儀與全球定位系統聯合觀測電離層F層電漿密度不規則體

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

本研究之目的為利用福爾摩沙衛星三號觀測資料，建立可描述L頻段全球電離層閃爍指數的經驗模型。現有的電離層閃爍或不規則體模型大多由有限之地面觀測或單顆衛星探測建構而成，因此，其適用地區和時間解析度十分受限。雖然亦有結合多種不同頻段之地面和衛星觀測資料以擴大建構模型的適用範圍，然而結合多種儀器得到的多頻率觀測結果卻又難以針對某一波段完整描述電離層閃爍之發生。此外，大多數既有的電離層閃爍模型是以地面接收特高頻(30-300MHz)衛星訊號資料建構而成，此與現今使用的全球導航衛星系統(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)的L頻段(1-2GHz)明顯脫節。故利用全球長期觀測資料建立L頻段的閃爍模型以供相關科技應用參考是為當務之急。福爾摩沙衛星三號(FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, F3/C)為台美雙邊合作計畫，在2006年4月15日成功發射至低軌道運行。六顆相同的微衛星酬載GPS掩星觀測實驗儀器，對全球電離層垂直閃爍指數進行探測。福衛三號星系平均一日提供超過2000筆觀測90至800km高度之間的閃爍指數廓線資料，大量且密集的福衛三號閃爍指數觀測開創了電離層閃爍天氣研究的新紀元。本研究即利用在2007到2014年間福衛三號超過一千兩百萬筆閃爍指數廓線的最大值(S4max)建立閃爍經驗模型。已知地面閃爍指數具有日變化、月變化、隨地理位置變化以及隨太陽活動變化。令這些變化同時存在且獨立，因此，建模時可將其視為彼此相互正交的函數，各變量函數相乘結果則可代表地面閃爍指數。比對模型模擬與福衛三號觀測統計結果、衛星探測不規則體發生機率分布、地面GNSS 相位閃爍與地面振幅閃爍記錄皆相互吻合，證實模型之穩定和可用性。惟因使用S4max，建構之模型必須乘上校正係數以符合地面觀測結果。
進一步以福衛三號完整的閃爍指數廓線資料，計算不同強度地面閃爍指數的發生機率。廓線資料轉換的地面閃爍指數與實際地面GNSS接收機觀測閃爍強度相仿，廓線資料不須校正可直接使用，且可用以計算地面S4閃爍發生機率。比對同時同地點資料發現當S4>0.15與S4>0.2，兩者發生機率吻合，福衛三號廓線資料可用來建構模型以估計地面閃爍發生機率。根據獲得的閃爍發生機率與其強度之高度相關性，結合先前建構之閃爍模型，可使模型具有模擬不同強度閃爍發生機率能力。結果顯示，模型模擬各強度閃爍發生機率結果與地面實際觀測閃爍發生機率相符。整體而言，長時間連續且綿密均勻的福衛三號全球閃爍觀測資料，提供人類首次建構L頻段地面S4閃爍指數強度及發生機率，以作為衛星通訊、定位與導航應用之參考。

摘要(英)

This study establishes an empirical model to describe ionospheric scintillations of the L-band S4-index. Existing scintillation models have been developed by limited data of a single satellite and/or ground-based radar and satellite receiver observations over the continent, which are restricted by both coverage and temporal resolution. To resolve the above short coming, some models are constructed by combining various satellite, receiver, and radar observations. However, frequency bands from various observations seriously result in the scintillation property being difficultly studied. Note that most of the existing scintillation models have been developed based on VHF (30-300 MHz) frequencies. Today, the most popular frequency band for satellite positioning, negation, and communication applications is the L-band (1-2 GHz, the GNSS (global navigation satellite system) broadcasting frequency). Therefore, it is essential to develop an L-band scintillation to meet and support daily usages and applications. Six microsatellites of the joint Taiwan-US satellite constellation mission, termed FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C), were successfully launched in to a circle low Earth orbit at 01:40 UTC on 15 April 2006. Each satellite houses a GPS occultation experiment payload globally deriving the vertical profile of scintillation S4 index in the ionosphere. This constellation provides instantly more than 2000 ionospheric scintillation S4 index profiles 90-800 km altitude. Dense global scintillation S4 index probing brings a new era for studying the space weather in the ionosphere. The empirical model is developed to simulate the S4 index on the ground by using about the maximum value (S4max) on each 12 mega F3/C S4-index profiles during 2007-2014. Since the scintillation inhabits prominent diurnal, seasonal, geographic, and solar activity variations, the variations are treated to be independent to each other, and the model can be constructed by multiplying the variations altogether. The constructed model could well reproduce the F3/C S4-index probing, and yield good agreements with results of in-situ irregularity observations by satellites and ground-based receiving satellite signals. These confirm that the model can be used to forecast global L-band scintillations on the ground and in the near surface atmosphere.
Instead of the S4max, when the whole information of the F3/C S4 index profile is used, the model is further able to predict the occurrence probability for given a scintillation intensity observed on the ground. The S4 index intensity on the ground converted from the whole profile is similar to that observed by co-located ground-based GNSS receivers, while for S4>0.15 and S4>0.2, the occurrences of the two are also highly correlated. Based on the F3/C S4-index profiles, the empirical model is constructed to predict the intensity and the occurrence probability of the L-band S4 index on the ground of the globe, which shall benefit satellite communication, positioning, and navigation applications.

關鍵字(中)

★ 電離層閃爍現象
★ 掩星觀測
★ 福爾摩沙衛星三號

關鍵字(英)

★ Scintillation
★ Radio Occultation
★ FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
第一章緒論 1
1.1動機與目的 1
1.2電離層不規則體 3
1.3電離層閃爍現象 8
第二章福爾摩沙衛星三號 11
2.1閃爍指數S4-index 12
2.2掩星資料模擬地面觀測 28
第三章建立閃爍指數經驗模型 34
3.1日變化模型 35
3.2月變化模型 36
3.3隨緯度變化模型 39
3.4隨太陽活動變化模型 43
3.5高緯度模型 44
3.6觀測結果與模型模擬比對 47
第四章地面觀測閃爍指數發生機率 60
4.1福衛三號閃爍指數發生機率與地面觀測值關係 63
4.2利用經驗模型預測地面閃爍指數發生機率 71
第五章討論與結論 75
參考文獻 77

參考文獻

Aarons, J., Klobuchar, J.A., Whitney, H.E., Austen, J., Johnson, A.L., Rino, C.L.: Gigahertz scintillations associated with equatorial patches, Radio Sci., 18(3):421–434, 1983.
Aarons, J.: Construction of a model of equatorial scintillation intensity, Radio Sci., 20:397-402, doi:10.1029/RS020i003p00397, 1985.
Aarons, J., Mendillo, M., Yantosca, R.: GPS phase fluctuations in the equatorial region during sunspot minimum, Radio Sci., 32(4):1535–1550, 1997.
Abdu, M.A.: Outstanding problems in the equatorial ionosphere thermosphere electrodynamics relevant to spread-F, J. Atmos. Solar. Terr. Phys., 63:869–884, 2001.
Abdu, M.A., Souza, J.R., Batista, I.S., and, Sobral, J.H.A.: Equatorial spread F statistics and empirical representation for IRI: a regional model for the Brazilian longitude sector, Adv. Space Res., 31 (3), 703-716, doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00031-0, 2003.
Anthes, R.A., et al.: The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Mission-Early results, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89:313-333, doi:10.1175/BAMS-89-3-313, 2008.
Basu, Su., Basu, S., and Khan, B.K.: Model of equatorial scintillation from in situ measurements, Radio Sci., 11 (10), 821-832, doi:10.1029/RS011i010p00821, 1976.
Basu, S., and Hanson, W.B.: The role of in situ measurements in scintillation modelling, Nav. Res. Lab., Washington DC, A82-18051, 06-32, 4A-8, 1981.
Basu, S., MacKenzie, E., and Basu, Su.: Ionospheric constraints on VHF/UHF communication links during solar maximum and minimum periods, Radio Sci., 23, 363-378, doi:10.1029/RS023i003p00363, 1988.
Basu, Su., Basu, S., Mac Kenzie, E., Coley, W.R., Sharber, J.R., and Hoegy, W.R.: Plasma structuring by the gradient drift instability at high latitudes and comparison with velocity shear driven processes, J. Geophys. Res., 95 (A6), 7799-7818, doi:10.1029/JA095iA06p07799, 1990.
Béniguel, Y., and Buonomo, S.: A multiple phase screen propagation model to estimate fluctuations of transmitted signals, Phys. Chem. Earth (C), 24 (4), 333-338, doi:10.1016/S1464-1917(99)00007-0 , 1999.
Bilitza, D., and Reinisch, B.W.: International Reference Ionosphere 2007: Improvements and new parameters, Adv. Space Res., 42 (4), 599-609, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.07.048, 2008.
Brahmanandam, P.S., Uma, G., Liu, J.Y., Chu, Y.H., Latha Devi, N.S.M.P., and Kakinami, Y.: Global S4 index variations observed using FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC GPS RO technique during a solar minimum year, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A09322, doi:10.1029/2012JA017966, 2012.
Burke, W.J., Gentile, L.C., Huang, C.Y., Valladares, C.E., Su, S.Y.: Longitudinal variability of equatorial plasma bubbles observed by DMSP and ROCSAT-1, J. Geophys. Res., 109:A12301. doi:10.1029/ 2004JA010583, 2004.
Chen, S.P., Bilitza, D., Liu, J.Y., Caton, R., Chang, L.C., Yeh, W.H.: An Empirical Model of L-band Scintillation S4 index Constructed by Using FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data, Advances in Space Research, Accepted, ISSN 0273-1177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.031, 2017.
Davies, K.: Ionospheric Radio, Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, doi:10.1049/PBEW031E , 1990.
Dymond, K.F.: Global observations of L band scintillation at solar minimum made by COSMIC, Radio Sci., 47, RS0L18, 2012.
Feldstein, Y.I.: A quarter of a century with the auroral oval, Eos Trans. AGU, 67(40), 761-767, doi:10.1029/EO067i040p00761-02, 1986.
Franke, S.J., and Liu, C.H.: Modeling of equatorial multifrequency scintillation, Radio Sci., 20, 403-415, doi:10.1029/RS020i003p00403, 1985.
Fremouw, E.J., and Rino, C.L.: An empirical model for average F: layer scintillation at VHF/UGF, Radio Sci., 8, 213-222, doi:10.1029/RS008i003p00213, 1973.
Frihagen, J., and Troim, J.: Scintillation of the 20 Mc/s signal from the earth satellite 1958dII, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 18:75–78, 1960.
Hook, J.L., Owren, L.: The vertical distribution of E-region irregularities deduced from scintillations of satellite radio signals, J. Geophys. Res., 67(13):5353–5357, 1962.
Huang, C.Y., Burke, W.H., Machuzak, J.S., Gentile, L.C., Sultan, P.J.: Equatorial plasma bubbles observed by DMSP satellites during a full solar cycle: toward a global climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A12):1434. doi:10.1029/2002JA009452, 2002.
Iyer, K.N., Souza, J.R., Pathan, B.M., Abdu, M.A., Jivani, M.N., and Joshi, H.P.: A model of equatorial and low latitude VHF scintillation in India, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 35, 98-104, 2006.
Kelley, M.C.: The earth’s ionosphere: plasma physics and electrodynamics, 2nd edn., Academic, San Diego, 2009.
Lee, I.T., Tsai, H.F., Liu, J.Y., Lin, C.H., Matsuo, T., and Chang, L.C.: Modeling impact of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 mission on ionospheric space weather monitoring, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Physics, 118, 6518-6523, doi:10.1002/jgra.50538, 2013.
Liu, J.Y., Lin, C.Y., and Tsai, H.F.: Electron density profiles probed by radio occultation of FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 at 520 and 800 km altitude, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 3069-3074, doi:10.5194/amt-8-3069-2015, 2015.
Liu, J.Y., Chen, S.P., Yeh, W.H., Tsai, H.F., and Rajesh, P.K.: The worst-case GPS scintillations on the ground estimated by using radio occultation observations of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC during 2007-2014, Surv. Geophys., 37, 791, doi:10.1007/s10712-015-9355-x, 2016.
Maruyama, T. and Matuura, N.: Longitudinal variability of annual changes in activity of equatorial Spread-F and plasma bubbles, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,903–10,912, 1984.
Mendillo, M., Lin, B., Aarons, J.: The application of GPS observations to equatorial aeronomy, Radio Sci., 35(3):885–904. doi:10.1029/1999RS002208, 2000.
Parthasarathy, R., Reid, G.C.: Signal strength recordings of the satellite 1958d2 (Sputnik III) at College Alaska, Proc. IRE 47:78–79, 1959.
Priyadarshi, S.: A Review of Ionospheric Scintillation Models, Surv. Geophys., 36, 295, doi:10.1007/s10712-015-9319-1, 2015.
Radicella, S.M., and Leitinger, R.: The evolution of the DGR approach to model electron density profiles, Adv. Space Res., 27, 35-40, doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(00)00138-1, 2001.
Rastogi, R.G.: Seasonal variation of equatorial spread-F in the American and Indian zones, J. Geophys. Res., 85(2):722–726, 1980.
Retterer, J.M.: Forecasting low-latitude radio scintillation with 3-D ionospheric plume models: 2. Scintillation calculation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A03307, doi:10.1029/2008JA013840, 2010.
Rino, C.: The theory of scintillation with applications in remote sensing, Wiley-IEEE Press, Hoboken, 2011.
Sahai, Y., Fagundes, P.R., Bittencourt, J.A.: Transequatorial F-region ionospheric plasma bubbles: solar cycle effects, J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phys., 62:1377–1383, 2000.
Secan, J.A., Bussey, R.M., Fremouw, E.J., and Basu, S.: An improved model of equatorial scintillation, Radio Sci., 30, 607-617, doi:10.1029/94RS03172, 1995.
Su, S.Y., Liu, C.H., Ho, H.H., and Chao, C.K.: Distribution characteristics of topside ionospheric density irregularities: Equatorial versus midlatitude region, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A06305, doi:10.1029/2005JA011330, 2006.
Sun, Y.Y., Liu, J.Y., Chao, C.K., and Chen, C.H.: Intensity of low-latitude nighttime F-region ionospheric density irregularities observed by ROCSAT and ground-based GPS Receivers in solar maximum, J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phy., 123, 92-101, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2014.12.013, 2015.
Syndergaard, S.: COSMIC S4 Data, Available at: http:// cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac/doc/documents/s4_description.pdf, 2006.
Thampi, S.V., Yamamoto, M., Tsunoda, R.T., Otsuka, Y., Tsugawa, T., Uemoto, J., Ishii, M.: First observations of large-scale wave structure and equatorial spread-F using CERTO radio beacon on the C/NOFS satellite, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36:L18111. doi:10.1029/2009GL039887, 2009.
Tsai, H. F., Liu, J. Y., Lin, C. H., Hsu, M. L.: FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Observations of the ionospheric auroral oval development, GPS Solutions, 91-97, doi 10.1007/s10291-009-0137-0., 2010.
Uma, G., Liu, J.Y., Chen, S.P., Sun, Y.Y., Brahmanandam, P.S., and Lin, C.H.: A comparison of the equatorial spread F derived by the International Reference Ionosphere and the S4 index observed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC during the solar minimum period of 2007-2009, Earth Planets Space, 64, 467-471, doi:10.5047/eps.2011.10.014, 2012.
Watanabe, S., Oya, H.: Occurrence characteristics of low latitude ionosphere irregularities observed by impedance probe on board the Hinotori satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 38:125–149, 1986.
Wernik, A.W., Liu, C.H.: Ionospheric irregularities causing scintillation of GHz frequency radio signals, J. Atmos. and Terr. Atmos. Phys., 36(5), 871-879, ISSN 0021-9169, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(74)90032-4, 1974.
Yeh, W.H., Liu, J.Y., Huang, C.Y., Chen, S.P.: Explanation of the sporadic-E layer formation by comparing FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC data with meteor and wind shear information, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119:4568–4579. doi:10.1002/2013JD020798, 2014.
Yue, X.N., Schreiner, W.S., Pedatella, N., Anthes, R.A., Mannucci, A.J., Straus, P.R., Liu, J.Y.: Space weather observations by GNSS radio occultation: from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC to FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2, Space Weather, 12, Issue11, 616-621, Nov. 2014 doi:10.1002/2014 SW001133, 2014.

指導教授

劉正彥

審核日期

2017-7-26

推文