 |
|
|
|
以作者查詢圖書館館藏 、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士 、以作者查詢全國書目 、勘誤回報 、線上人數：36 、訪客IP：3.135.202.224
姓名 蘇芷甯(Zhi-Ning Su) 查詢紙本館藏 畢業系所 光機電工程研究所 論文名稱 數位影像相關法應用於雷射積層製造工件應變分佈量測
(Digital Image Correlation Method for Strain Distribution of Workpiece by Laser Additive Manufacturing)相關論文 檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式]
[相關文章]
[文章引用]
[完整記錄]
[館藏目錄]
[檢視]
- 本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
- 已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
- 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。
摘要(中) 本論文目的為量測不同條件所製造之雷射積層工件應變分佈變化，並可根據本實驗，得知雷射積層參數對應變分佈造成之差異。變異的參數包括雷射積層掃描以及生長方向、熱處理與否。應變分佈量測所使用之方法為數位影像相關法，其軟體為Ncorr；將工件進行拉伸試驗，並透過攝影機拍攝工件拉伸過程，再將其進行應變分析。而在進行雷射積層製造工件應變分佈量測實驗前，我們需要確認數位影像相關法之精度以及效能，先以位移平台搭配雷射位移計進行種子點個數、子集大小的參數研究。在種子點個數2或4時，使用子集大小60 pixel進行分析，結果與雷射位移計其平均差量相差僅有0.1 μm；接著我們使用此參數量測傳統製造之鋁合金，並與雷射積層工件比較之。
量測以AISI420粉末積層製造的工件，並觀察其應變分佈，記錄於第四章。從本實驗得知，雷射積層工件應變分佈變化呈週期性，故可說明雷射積層此種製造方式，材料黏結處會因燒融，造成與過去鋁合金的應變分佈結果不同。
本論文也針對量測的誤差進行討論，分別為環境所造成的隨機誤差以及系統誤差；在相機架設方面，相機和試片的垂直、水平軸是否吻合也會因此帶來誤差，而斑點大小和校正也會帶來微小的誤差。本系統的實驗架構相較於其他的應變量測方式，既有不接觸到工件的優點；其還能對於大面積的全域變化進行探討，且能降低成本，在量測機械參數上為一套具有潛力的技術。摘要(英) The purpose of this paper is to measure the strain distribution of workpieces fabricated by laser additive manufacturing. According to the experiment, the influence of the laser additive manufacturing parameter on the variable distribution is known, such as different growth directions and heat treatment. The method used for strain distribution measurement is the digital image correlation method, and the software is Ncorr.
We perform the tensile test on the workpiece and record it with the camera. The image is Gaussian filtered for strain analysis. Before performing the strain distribution measurement experiment, we need to confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the digital image correlation method. Experiments on the effects of different parameters on digital image correlation methods, use a laser displacement meter with a displacement platform. When the number of seed points is 2 or 4, the analysis is performed using the subset size of 60 pixels. The result is only 0.1 μm from the average difference of the laser displacement meter.
This paper also discusses the error of measurement, which is the random error and system error caused by the environment. In terms of camera erection, the vertical and horizontal axes of the camera and the test piece will also cause errors, and the spot size and correction will also bring a slight error. Compared with other strain measurement methods, the experimental structure of the system not only has the advantage of not touching the workpiece, but also can discuss the large-area changes and reduce the cost. Therefore, the digital image correlation method is a set of potential technologies for measuring mechanical parameters.關鍵字(中) ★ 數位影像相關法
★ 雷射積層製造
★ 應變關鍵字(英) ★ digital image correlation
★ Ncorr
★ additive manufacturing論文目次 摘要 ....................................................................................................................................... a
Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii
致謝 ...................................................................................................................................... iii
目錄 ...................................................................................................................................... iv
圖目錄 ................................................................................................................................. vii
表目錄 ................................................................................................................................... x
第一章 緒論 ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究背景 ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 文獻回顧 ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 金屬雷射積層製造之文獻回顧 ............................................................................ 2
1.2.2 二維數位影像相關法原理之文獻回顧 ................................................................ 5
1.3 研究目的 ................................................................................................................... 12
1.4 論文架構 ................................................................................................................... 13
第二章 基礎理論 ............................................................................................................... 14
2.1積層製造(Additive Manufacturing, AM) .................................................................... 14
2.1.1 粉床熔融成型技術(Powder Bed Fusion, PBF) ................................................... 15
2.2.2 選擇性雷射熔融(Selective Laser Melting, SLM)................................................ 17
2.2數位影像相關法(Digital image correlation, DIC) ...................................................... 18
2.2.1 影像資訊 ............................................................................................................ 18
2.2.2 影像之平面變形理論 ......................................................................................... 19
2.2.3 影像相關性 ........................................................................................................ 21
2.2.4 Newton-Raphson Method ..................................................................................... 23
2.3 Ncorr .......................................................................................................................... 29
2.3.1 Ncorr數位影像相關法原理 ................................................................................ 30
v
2.3.2 Ncorr流程 ........................................................................................................... 31
2.3.3 比例因子 ............................................................................................................ 33
2.3.4 Green- Lagrange .................................................................................................. 33
2.4小結 ........................................................................................................................... 35
第三章 系統架構 ............................................................................................................... 36
3.1實驗流程介紹 ............................................................................................................ 36
3.2實驗設備 .................................................................................................................... 38
3.3 Ncorr參數設置 .......................................................................................................... 42
3.3.1 Ncorr參數設定 ................................................................................................... 42
3.3.2 微小位移精度..................................................................................................... 45
3.4 金屬雷射積層工件 ................................................................................................... 47
3.4.1 AISI420 ............................................................................................................... 47
3.4.2 掃描策略 ............................................................................................................ 47
3.4.3 試片尺寸 ............................................................................................................ 50
3.5小結 ........................................................................................................................... 53
第四章 實驗結果與討論 .................................................................................................... 54
4.1 5083鋁片量測 ........................................................................................................... 54
4.2 AISI420雷射積層工件應變量測 .............................................................................. 56
4.2.1 應力應變圖 ........................................................................................................ 56
4.2.2 應變分佈 ............................................................................................................ 63
4.3 小結 .......................................................................................................................... 70
第五章 誤差分析 ............................................................................................................... 72
5.1 餘弦誤差 ................................................................................................................... 72
5.2 影像與真實距離校準之誤差 .................................................................................... 74
5.3 斑點大小 ................................................................................................................... 74
5.4 溫度與環境 ............................................................................................................... 76
5.5 小結 .......................................................................................................................... 76
vi
第六章 結論與未來展望 .................................................................................................... 77
6.1 結論 .......................................................................................................................... 77
6.2 未來展望 ................................................................................................................... 77
參考文獻 ............................................................................................................................. 78參考文獻 [1] N. P. Lavery, S. G. R. Brown, J. Sienz, J. Cherry, and F. Belblidia, “A review of computational modeling of additive layer manufacturing－multi-scale and multi-physics,” Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 1, 668-690 (2014).
[2] B. Pan, K. Qian, H. Xie, A. Asundi, “Two-dimensional digital image correlation
for in-plane displacement and strain measurement: a review,” Measurement Science and Technology, 20, 1-17 (2009).
[3] I. Zein, D. W. Hutmacher, K.C. Tan, and S.H. Teoh, “Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications,” Biomaterials, 23, 1169-1185 (2002).
[4] C. R. Deckard, “Method and apparatus for producing parts by selective sintering,” United States Patent Number 4863538 (1989).
[5] J. F. Bredt, T. Aderson, “Method of three dimensional printing,” United States Patent Number 5902441 (1999).
[6] C. W. Hull, “Selective lase sintering at melting temperature,” United States Patent Number 6215093 (2001).
[7] I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, B. Stucker, “Additive manufacturing technologies.” Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. (2014)
[8] W. H. Peters, W. F. Ranson, “Digital imaging techniques in experimental stress analysis,” Optical Engineering 21(3), 213-427 (1982)
[9] M. A. Sutton, W. J. Wolters, W. H. Peters, W. F. Ranson, S. R. McNeill, “Determination of displacements using an improved digital correlation method,” Image and Vision Computing 1(3), 133-139 (1983)
79
[10] T. C. Chu, W. F. Ranson, M. A. Sutton,” Applications of digital-image-correlation techniques to experimental mechanics,” Experimental Mechanics 25(3), 232-244(1985)
[11] M. A. Sutton, S. R. McNeill, J. Jang, M. Babai, “Effects of subpixel image restoration on digital correlation error estimates,” Optical Engineering, 27(10), 870-877 (1988)
[12] H. A. Bruck, S. R. McNeill, M. A. Sutton, W. H. PetersIII, “Digital image correlation using Newton-Raphson method of partial differential correction,” Experimental Mechanics , 29(3), 261-267 (1989).
[13] H. Lu, P. D. Cary, “Deformation measurements by digital image correlation: Implementation of a second-order displacement gradient,” Experimental Mechanics, 40(4), 393-400 (2000).
[14] G. F. Bomarito, J. D. Hochhalter, T. J. Ruggles, A. H. Cannon, “Increasing accuracy and precision of digital image correlation through pattern optimization,” Optics and Lasers in Engineering 91, 73-85 (2017).
[15] D. S. Zhang, M. Luo, D. D. Arola, “Displacement/strain measurements using an optical microscope and digital image correlation,” Optical Engineering, 45(3),0336051-03360519 (2006).
[16] N. Sabat´, D. Vogel, A. Gollhardt, J. Marcos, I. Gr`acia1, C. Can´, B. Michel, “Digital image correlation of nanoscale deformation fields for local stress measurement in thin films,” Nanotechnology 17, 5264-5270 (2006).
[17] J. Blaber, B. Adair, A. Antoniou, “Ncorr: Open-Source 2D Digital Image Correlation Matlab Software,” Experimental Mechanics, 55(6), 1105-1122 (2015).
[18] R. Harilal, M. Ramji, (2014,11) Adaptation of Open Source 2D DIC Software Ncorr for Solid Mechanics Applications. 9th International Symposium on Advanced Science and Technology in Experimental Mechanics, New Delhi, India.
80
[19] ASTM, International Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing, Tampere, Finland, (2015).
[20] J. P. Kruth, G.Levy, F.Klocke, T. H. C. Childsd, “Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing,” CIRP Annals, 56(2), 730-759 (2007).
[21] E. Louvis, P. Fox, C. J. Sutcliffe, “Selective laser melting of aluminium components,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 211(2), 275-284 (2011).指導教授 李朱育(Ju-Yi Lee) 審核日期 2019-8-14 推文 plurk
funp
live
udn
HD
myshare
netvibes
friend
youpush
delicious
baidu
網路書籤 Google bookmarks
del.icio.us
hemidemi
facebook
twitter
google
reddit