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姓名	羅旭峯(Xu-Feng Luo)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	材料科學與工程研究所
論文名稱	石墨烯負極和離子液體電解液於鈉二次電池之應用 (Applications of graphene-based anodes and ionic liquid electrolytes for sodium secondary batteries)
相關論文	★ 鋅空氣電池之電解質開發 ★ 添加石墨烯助導劑對活性碳超高電容電極性質的影響 ★ 耐高壓離子液體電解質 ★ 碳系超級電容器用耐高壓電解液研發 ★ 離子液體與碸類溶劑混合型電解液應用於鋰離子電池矽負極材料 ★ 針對奈米多孔碳之表面及孔洞形貌進行優化 以打造具備高可靠度、低自放電的超級電容器
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摘要(中)	本研究以鈉二次電池為主軸，分別針對石墨烯負極、離子液體電解液、SEI膜特性、安全性議題、石墨正極等各個議題進行探討。微電漿輔助製程之石墨烯(graphene nanosheets obtained by microplasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique，MPGNS)具有高結晶性和低缺陷密度。相較傳統RGO (reduced graphene oxides)，MPGNS負極具有更優異之電化學特性，包括首圈庫倫效率(45%)、電容值(250 mAh g－1 at 0.03 A g－1)、高速充放電能力 (44% at 5 A g－1)。導入NaFSI/PMP-FSI離子液體電解液後，石墨烯負極之充放電可逆性進一步獲得提升，化成後之庫倫效率近100%。相較於傳統有機電解液，本研究結果顯示NaFSI/PMP-FSI離子液體所生成之SEI膜具有更理想的電化學穩定性和熱穩定性，因而提升了庫倫效率、循環穩定性和安全性。此外鈉離子濃度顯著地影響SEI膜之化學組成，2 M NaFSI/PMP-FSI電解液可使SEI膜中的有機/無機質成分比例達到理想平衡，可穩固SEI膜之結構並兼具良好的電化學穩定性。除了電解液配方之外，負極材料之表面特性同樣也影響著SEI膜的生成和其效能。以MPGNS為例，適量的表面官能基可做為SEI膜的成核點，提升SEI膜的生成效率，迅速地鈍化充電態負極。於電池的安全性議題方面，本研究透過DSC系統性地分析有機電解液、離子液體電解液、和石墨烯之含氧官能基對於SEI膜之熱穩定性以及各類電解液對於充電態負極之熱反應性。於離子液體之應用方面，本研究提出以NaFSI/PMP-FSI離子液體做為電解液之陰離子插層石墨正極，其平均4.5 V (vs. Na/Na+)之工作電位能提供高能量密度。石墨正極同時能使鈉離子電池脫離對於過渡金屬礦產之依賴，實現高經濟效益之鈉二次電池。
摘要(英)	This thesis focuses on sodium secondary batteries, including investigation on graphene-based anodes, ionic liquid electrolytes, SEI chemistry, safety issues, and graphite cathodes. A microplasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition technique is used to produce graphene nanosheets (denoted as MPGNS). The obtained MPGNS has higher crystallinity and less defects, compared to those of conventional reduced graphene oxides. MPGNS is able to deliver a superior Coulombic efficiency of 45%, a high capacity of 250 mA h g－1(@ 0.03 A g－1), and show excellent rate capability (44% @ 5 A g－1). Using NaFSI/PMP-FSI ionic liquids as electrolytes, the electrochemical reversibility of graphene anodes was improved. After formation cycles, the Coulomic efficiency is close to 100%. This study demonstrates a superior SEI film derived by NaFSI/PMP-FSI ionic liquids, which exhibits a better stability against charge-discharge process and elevated temperatue, compared to those of conventional organic electrolytes. In this way, Coulombic efficiency, cyclic stability, and safety are enhanced. Moreover, Na ion fractions considerably impact on SEI chemistry. 2 M NaFSI/PMP-FSI generates the most robust SEI film with the ideal balance between organic and inorganic ingredients, improving the adhesion and electrochemical steadiness. Apart from electrolyte compositions, the surface characteristic also determines the formation and effectiveness of SEI films. Take MPGNS for example, the oxygen-containing functional groups can act as nucleation sites, and thus rapidly passivate charged anodes. Concerning the aspect of safety, this study systematically analyzes the thermal behaviors between charged anodes and electrolytes using DSC. Finally, anion intercalation into graphite cathodes using NaFSI/PMP-FSI as electrolytes shows the high working voltage above 4.5 V (vs. Na/Na+), which promisingly enables high energy density and replacement of rather expensive transition metal-based cathode materials.
關鍵字(中)	★ 鈉離子電池 ★ 石墨烯 ★ 離子液體 ★ 固態電解質介面 ★ 陰離子插層	關鍵字(英)	★ sodium secondary battery ★ graphene ★ ionic liquid ★ SEI film ★ anion intercalation
論文目次	摘要 i Abstract ii 致謝 iii 目錄 iv 圖目錄 vii 表目錄 xii 第一章 緒論 1 第二章 研究背景及文獻回顧 5 2-1 鈉離子電池 5 2-2 鈉離子電池之負極材料 9 2-3 石墨烯和二維材料 11 2-4 石墨烯負極之發展與瓶頸 13 2-5 離子液體 17 2-6 固態電解質介面 20 2-7 影響SEI膜物化特性之因素 23 2-8 介面特性與電池的安全性 26 2-9 石墨正極與陰離子插層機制 28 第三章 實驗方法與步驟 31 3-1 碳材料製備 31 3-1-1 微電漿輔助製程之石墨烯 31 3-1-2 還原石墨烯氧化物 31 3-1-3 碳骨架 31 3-1-4 商用硬碳 32 3-1-5 中間相微碳球 32 3-2電解液製備 33 3-3 材料特性鑑定 34 3-3-1 碳材形貌之分析 34 3-3-2 碳材結晶結構分析 34 3-3-3 碳材缺陷結構鑑定 35 3-3-4 表面化學組成鑑定 35 3-3-5 充電負極和電解液之熱反應鑑定 35 3-4電化學測試實驗步驟 36 3-4-1 循環伏安法 36 3-4-2 計時電位法 37 3-4-3 交流阻抗 37 3-4-4 恆電流間歇滴定技術 37 第四章 結果與討論 38 4-1電漿輔助製程對於石墨烯特性之影響 38 4-1-1 形貌觀察 38 4-1-2 含氧官能基鑑定 40 4-1-3 石墨烯缺陷鑑定 41 4-1-4 結晶結構分析 41 4-1-5 振實密度分析 43 4-1-6 石墨烯電極之電化學特性 44 4-2 3D碳骨架負極之材料與充放電特性 53 4-2-1 碳材形貌觀察 53 4-2-2 材料結構分析 55 4-2-3 含氧官能基鑑定 56 4-2-4 碳骨架電極(3-D CF)於1 M NaFSI/PMP-FSI電解液之電化學特性 57 4-2-5 碳骨架電極(3-D CF)於1 M NaTFSI/PMP-TFSI電解液之電化學特性 60 4-2-6 碳骨架電極(3-D CF)於1 M NaClO4/EC:DEC電解液之電化學特性 61 4-2-7 SEI膜之化學組成、電化學穩定性和熱反應性 64 4-2-8 3-D CF 電極之循環穩定性 67 4-3 電漿法輔助製程之石墨烯使用離子液體電解液之電化學性質 69 4-3-1 NaFSI之濃度對於電化學行為之影響 69 4-3-2 NaFSI之濃度對於庫倫效率的影響 70 4-3-3 NaFSI之濃度對於充放電表現的影響 72 4-3-4 NaFSI之濃度對於循環穩定性的影響 73 4-4 電漿法輔助製程石墨烯之SEI膜的物化特性 75 4-4-1 NaFSI之濃度對於SEI膜組成的影響 75 4-4-2 NaFSI之濃度對於SEI膜的熱反應性之影響 79 4-4-3 MPGNS的表面官能基對於SEI膜組成的影響 80 4-5 NaFSI/PMP-FSI離子液體應用於石墨之陰離子插層 87 4-5-1 石墨之材料特性 87 4-5-2 鋁基材和xNaFSI/PMP-FSI離子液體之電化學穩定性 88 4-5-3 石墨正極使用xNaFSI/PMP-FSI電解液之庫倫效率 89 4-5-4 石墨正極使用xNaFSI/PMP-FSI電解液之充放電特性 91 4-5-5 石墨正極之能量密度推算 94 4-5-6 石墨正極之數據統整和後續規劃 95 第五章 結論 96 已發表之國際期刊 98 參考文獻 99
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指導教授	張仍奎 李勝偉(Jeng-Kuei Chang Sheng-Wei Lee)	審核日期	2019-8-22
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