2016-2017年鹿林山長程傳輸氣膠特性分析

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邱鈞煦(Jyun-Syu Ciou) 查詢紙本館藏

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環境工程研究所

論文名稱

2016-2017年鹿林山長程傳輸氣膠特性分析
(The characteristics of the long-range transportation aerosol at Mt. Lulin in 2016 and 2017)

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摘要(中)

本文於2016年秋季在台灣竹子山(海拔1,103公尺)、鹿林山(海拔2,862公尺)，以及2017年春季在台灣鹿林山進行PM2.5化學特性分析，目的是瞭解秋季竹子山和鹿林山氣膠受東北季風以及春季鹿林山受中南半島生質燃燒煙團長程傳輸的影響。
2016年秋季期間竹子山受到了台北都會區以及境外傳輸影響，PM2.5質量濃度平均為7.5 ± 8.2 μg m-3，於污染事件時甚至高達31.1 μg m-3；相對地，鹿林山PM2.5質量濃度平均為2.7 ± 1.2 μg m-3，各樣本濃度變化不明顯，有山谷風現象時濃度有些許提升，水溶性離子濃度提升較為顯著，NH4+與SO42-分別增加了377%與282%。
2017年春季期間PM2.5與PM10質量濃度分別為8.6 ± 4.8 以及12.7 ± 6.3 μg m-3，PM2.5大約占了PM10的70%。氣膠水溶性離子不論PM2.5或PM10都以SO42-、NO3-與NH4+為主要成分。PM2.5與PM10碳成分則是以OC3最為主要，但OC4成長增加最為明顯。與春季背景相比，PM2.5水溶性離子NH4+與SO42-分別增加了136%與89%，OC3與OC4分別增加了220%與250%。春季鹿林山氣膠特性主要受到藉由盛行西風長程傳輸來自中南半島生質燃燒煙團以及發生頻率較低但來自中國北方的氣團影響。
本文利用revised IMPROVE方法計算出大氣消光係數(bext)，並與鹿林山春季監測的大氣消光係數進行比較，廻歸判定係數非常好(R2>0.85)，在PM2.5質量濃度低時，空氣分子和有機物對bext有重要貢獻，隨著PM2.5濃度的上升，在高污染期間(NH4)2SO4與NH4NO3對bext貢獻顯著。PM2.5質量濃度較低時(≦5 μg m-3)相對濕度對的影響並不是十分顯著，隨著PM2.5質量濃度增加，相對濕度帶來的影響變得明顯。當PM2.5從10到20.9 μg m-3時，revised IMPROVE模式計算與儀器量測的能見度有不錯的線性關係 (R2=0.70)，但IMPROVE模式計算值高出許多。整體來說，本文展現了從背景到污染事件的大氣成分光學效應變化。

摘要(英)

This study collected PM2.5 for chemical characterization at Mt. Bamboo (25.18°N, 121.53°E, 1,103 m a.s.l.) and Mt. Lulin (23.47°N, 120.87°E, 2,862 m a.s.l.) in autumn 2016, and at Mt. Lulin in spring 2017 in Taiwan. The aims of this study are to investigate the influences of the northeast monsoon on atmospheric aerosols at Mt. Bamboo and Mt. Lulin in autumn and that of the transported biomass-burning (BB) smoke from Indochina peninsula at Mt. Luin in spring.
In autumn 2016, PM2.5 mass concentrations were with an average of 7.5 ± 8.2 μg m-3 and as high as 31.1 μg m-3 in a pollution event under the combined effects of Taipei metropolis and transboundary transport. In contrast, PM2.5 mass concentrations were with a mean value of 2.7 ± 1.2 μg m-3 at Mt. Lulin with relatively less variation except for the concentration rise when the mountain-valley wind was prominent. The rise of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) was significant, e.g., the increases of NH4+ and SO42- were 377% and 282%, respectively.
In spring 2017, the mean values of PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were at 8.6 ± 4.8 μg m-3 and 12.7 ± 6.3 μg m-3, respectively; the proportion of PM2.5 in PM10 was around 70%. For WSIIs, SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ were major components in either PM2.5 or PM10. For carbonaceous content, OC3 (evolved between 281℃ and 480℃) was the most abundant fraction in PM2.5 and PM10, but OC4 (evolved between 481℃ and 580℃) increased the most. In contrast to spring background air, PM2.5 SO42- and NH4+ increased 136% and 89%, respectively; while the increases of OC3 and OC4 were 220% and 250%, respectively. The aerosol properties at Mt. Lulin were mainly under the influences of BB smoke from Indochina peninsula via prevailing westerly as well as less frequent air masses from North China in spring.
For the assessment of atmospheric optics, this study adopted the revised IMPROVE algorithm to compute light-extinction coefficients (bext) of the atmospheric species. The computed bext values agreed well (R2>0.85) with the observed ones at Mt. Lulin in spring. Raleigh scattering and organic species influenced atmospheric optics significantly in low PM2.5 levels; however, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 gained its dominance in the high PM2.5 pollution events. It is worthwhile to note that the relative humidity effect was not significant for low PM2.5 levels (≦5 μg m-3), but became prominent in higher PM2.5 levels. For the range of PM2.5 levels from 10 to 20.9 μg m-3, the visibility computed from the revised IMPROVE algorithm had a linear fashion (R2=0.70) with the measured visibility, although the computed values tended to exceed the observed values significantly. Overall, this study demonstrated that the optical effects of atmospheric species varying from atmospheric background condition to pollution events.

關鍵字(中)

★ 高山氣膠
★ 生質燃燒氣膠
★ 長程傳輸氣膠特性

關鍵字(英)

★ Mountain aerosol
★ Biomass burning aerosol
★ Aerosol characteristics from long-range transport

論文目次

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 IX
第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1 生質燃燒 3
2.1.1 東南亞生質燃燒 3
2.1.2 生質燃燒氣膠特性 4
2.2 歷年研究成果 12
2.2.1 鹿林山氣流軌跡分類 12
2.2.2 生質燃燒與非生質燃燒旺盛時期氣膠成分 12
2.2.3 有機碳採樣誤差 13
2.2.4 水溶性無機離子濾紙採樣誤差 15
2.3 氣膠長程傳輸 16
2.3.1氣膠傳輸至竹子山 17
2.3.2氣膠傳輸至鹿林山 17
第三章研究方法 19
3.1 研究架構 19
3.2採樣測站 19
3.2.1 鹿林山空氣品質背景監測站 20
3.2.2竹子山測站 22
3.3 採樣觀測儀器 23
3.3.1 R&P Model 3500自組式蜂巢式套管化學採樣器 23
3.3.2 高量採樣器 25
3.4 採樣濾紙選擇與前處理程序 26
3.4.1 儀器與濾紙配置 26
3.4.2 濾紙前處理 27
3.4.3 樣本運送與保存 28
3.5 樣本分析方法 29
3.5.1 樣本質量濃度秤重 29
3.5.2 氣膠碳成分分析 30
3.5.3氣膠水溶性離子分析 33
3.5.4 氣膠微粒揮發成分補償方法 36
3.5.5 氣膠水可溶有機碳分析 39
3.5.6 氣膠脫水單醣化合物 41
3.5.7 氣膠二元酸分析 43
3.5.8 氣膠腐植質分析 45
3.5.9 量測儀器QAQC 48
3.6 氣膠水溶性離子非海洋來源 49
3.7 NOAA氣膠觀測系統 49
3.7.1積分式散光儀(Integrating Nephelometer) 50
3.7.2微粒碳吸收光度計(PSAP) 53
3.8 環保署鹿林山測站其他自動觀測儀器 57
3.9 判別生質燃燒發生的方法 58
3.9.1 美國太空總署(NASA)自然災害網 58
3.9.2 美國太空總署全球火災監測中心(GFMC) 59
3.9.3 氣流軌跡模式(NOAA HYSPLIT) 59
3.10 Revised IMPROVE 計算消光係數 60
第四章結果與討論 63
4.1 2016年秋季採樣 63
4.1.1秋季採樣氣膠特性 63
4.1.2東北季風傳輸 66
4.1.3 秋季鹿林山山谷風 70
4.1.4 秋季竹子山高濃度事件 74
4.2 2017年春季採樣 80
4.2.1 春季採樣氣膠特性 80
4.2.2 春季氣流軌跡分類 85
4.2.3 春季長程傳輸事件 91
4.3鹿林山採樣彙整 97
4.4 IMPROVE模式推估大氣消光係數 105
4.4.1 IMPROVE模式推估大氣消光係數(bext)與貢獻因子 106
4.4.2 IMPROVE模式推估大氣能見度 108
第五章結論 112
第六章參考文獻 116
附錄一逆推軌跡 123
附錄二補充表格 166
附錄三口試委員意見回復 168

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2019-7-24

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