車輛排氣PM2.5及PAHs排放特性研究

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王威峻(Wei-Chun Wang) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

車輛排氣PM2.5及PAHs排放特性研究
(Investigation on the Characteristics of PM2.5 and PAHs Emitted from Vehicle Exhaust)

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摘要(中)

本研究針對高速公路隧道(T1、T2)大氣與其周界大氣進行採樣分析，T1隧道Inlet及Outlet測得之PM2.5濃度分別為21.9±6.93 μg/m3及46.1±11.7 μg/m3，而T1周界大氣採樣點測得之PM2.5濃度為12.5±6.20 μg/m3。T2隧道Inlet及Outlet測得之PM2.5濃度分別為36.5±6.05 μg/m3及151±39.1 μg/m3，而T2周界大氣採樣點測得之PM2.5濃度為14.1±4.31 μg/m3。兩周界大氣測站之PM2.5濃度亦明顯低於隧道大氣濃度，可見車輛排氣對大氣PM2.5濃度貢獻顯著。利用隧道大氣採樣結果計算T1與T2隧道PM2.5之車輛行駛里程數排放係數(EFVKT)分別為10.9±1.06、7.93±1.29 mg-PM2.5/km-vehicle。而T1隧道計算之氣相PAHs之平均EFs為385±92.8 μg/km vehicle，遠高於固相PAHs (22.1±5.61 μg/km vehicle)。T2隧道計算之固相PAHs平均EFs為1.44±1.09 μg/km vehicle，而氣相PAHs平均EFs為6.29±2.47 μg/km vehicle，亦高於固相PAHs。本研究亦針對汽、柴油車於惰轉及高速運轉(70 km/hr)之車輛排氣進行採樣分析，汽油車PM2.5濃度於惰轉及高速運轉分別為0.2 mg/m3及0.4 mg/m3，柴油車之PM2.5濃度於惰轉及高速運轉分別為3.5 mg/m3及4.7 mg/m3，而惰轉之柴油車固相PAHs平均濃度(∑27PAHs：467 ng/m3)明顯高於汽油車(∑27PAHs：1.68 ng/m3)，高速運轉(70 km/hr)期間柴油車固相PAHs平均濃度(∑27PAHs：82.3 ng/m3)亦明顯高於汽油車(∑27PAHs：9.72 ng/m3)。因國內道路之車種分佈以汽油車占較高比率，而汽油車之固相PAHs物種分布以PA、Pyr、Flu及FL為主，故與兩隧道之固相PAHs物種分布一致。雖然固相PAHs以上述四物種為主，但未來國內若要規範PAHs勢必不能忽略毒性當量係數較高之物種(BcFE之TEF值為20)。

摘要(英)

This study aims to sample and analyze the PM2.5 and PAHs concentrations of the highway tunnels (T1, T2). The PM2.5 concentrations measured at the T1 tunnel inlet and outlet were 21.9±6.93 μg/m3 and 46.1±11.7 μg/m3, respectively. The ambient PM2.5 concentration measured at the T1 was 12.5±6.20 μg/m3. The PM2.5 concentrations measured at the T2 tunnel inlet and outlet were 36.5±6.05 μg/m3 and 151.0±39.1 μg/m3, respectively. The ambient PM2.5 concentration measured at the T2 was 14.1±4.31 μg/m3. The results indicate that the vehicle exhaust contributes significantly to the atmospheric PM2.5 concentration. The vehicle kilometers traveled-based emission factors (EFVKT) of T1 and T2 tunnels calculated with the tunnel sampling results are 10.9±1.06 and 7.93±1.29 mg-PM2.5/km-vehicle, respectively. The sampling results of the particle-phase and gas-phase PAHs concentration are substituted into the emission factor formula to obtain the EFVKT. The average EFs of the gas-phase PAHs calculated for the T1 tunnel is 385±92.8 μg/km vehicle, which is much higher than the particle-phase PAHs (22.1±5.61 μg/km-vehicle). The average EFs of particle-phase PAHs calculated for the T2 tunnel is 1.44±1.09 μg/km-vehicle, while the average EFs of gas-phase PAHs is 6.29±2.47 μg/km-vehicle. This study also aims to sample and analyze the PM2.5 and PAHs concentrations of vehicle exhaust in idle and high-speed operation (70 km/hr) for gasoline and diesel vehicles. The PM2.5 concentrations of the gasoline vehicle at idle and high speed were 0.2 mg/m3 and 0.4 mg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 concentrations of diesel vehicle at idle and high speed were 3.5 mg/m3 and 4.7 mg/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-phase PAHs in diesel vehicles during idle (∑27PAHs：467 ng/m3) is significantly higher than that of gasoline vehicles (∑27PAHs：1.68 ng/m3). The concentration of particle-phase PAHs in diesel vehicles during high-speed operation (70 km/hr) (∑27PAHs：82.3 ng/m3) is also significantly higher than that of gasoline vehicles (∑27PAHs：9.72 ng/m3). Because of the higher proportion of gasoline vehicles in Taiwan, the PAHs species distribution of gasoline vehicles is mainly PA, Pyr, Flu and FL, which is consistent with the particle phase PAHs species distribution of the two tunnels. Although the particle-phase PAHs are mainly composed of the above four species, in the future, if the PAHs are to be regulated in Taiwan, the species with high toxicity equivalent coefficients must not be ignored.

關鍵字(中)

★ 細懸浮微粒
★ 多環芳香烴化合物
★ 車輛排氣
★ 隧道大氣採樣
★ 排放係數

關鍵字(英)

★ fine aerosols
★ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compoundspolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds
★ vehicle exhaust
★ tunnel atmospheric sampling
★ emission factor

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
第一章研究緣起 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的 1
1.3 研究架構 2
第二章文獻回顧 4
2.1 大氣細懸浮微粒濃度與成分分佈特性 4
2.2 懸浮微粒中多環芳香烴化合物濃度及特性 8
2.2.1 多環芳香烴化合物分佈特性 8
2.2.2 周界大氣多環芳香烴化合物濃度及分佈特性 11
2.2.3 隧道內多環芳香烴化合物濃度及分佈特性 21
2.3 隧道出入口及車流量變異與污染物排放變化趨勢特性 24
2.4 機動車輛污染排放特徵 29
2.5 大氣PAHs來源解析方法 33
2.5.1 主成分因子分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA) 33
2.5.2 特徵比值(Diagnostic Ratio, DR) 34
2.5.3 正矩陣因子法(Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF) 40
2.6 機動車輛之PM2.5排放係數 45
第三章研究方法 52
3.1 實驗設備與藥品 52
3.1.1 實驗材料及器材 52
3.1.2 研究設備 53
3.1.3 實驗藥品 54
3.1.4 實驗溶劑 54
3.2 隧道交通源採樣 55
3.2.1 採樣地點介紹 56
3.2.2 隧道內車輛廢氣PM2.5採樣方法說明 60
3.3 車輛直接排氣採樣 62
3.3.1 採樣對象 62
3.3.2 車輛直接排氣PM2.5採樣方法 62
3.4 多環芳香烴採樣方法 64
3.4.1 隧道內大氣及周界大氣多環芳香烴化合物檢測方法 64
3.4.2 車輛直接排氣多環芳香烴化合物檢測方法 65
3.5 多環芳香烴前處理與分析方法 66
3.6 GC/MS 68
3.7 離子層析儀分析原理 69
3.8 採樣之品保品管程序 71
3.9 隧道車輛之排放係數 71
第四章結果與討論 72
4.1 T1隧道大氣及周界大氣之PM2.5探討 72
4.2 T1隧道大氣之PM2.5中水溶性陰陽離子 77
4.3 T1隧道大氣之多環芳香烴污染物濃度及物種特徵 78
4.4 T1隧道PAHs物種濃度與車流量之變化趨勢 88
4.5 T1隧道大氣PAHs特徵比值 91
4.6 T2隧道大氣及周界大氣之PM2.5探討 92
4.7 T2隧道大氣之多環芳香烴污染物濃度及物種特徵 95
4.8 T2隧道PAHs物種濃度與車流量之變化趨勢 107
4.9 T2隧道大氣PAHs特徵比值 108
4.10 車輛尾氣採樣 109
4.11 車輛排氣之多環芳香烴污染物濃度及物種特徵 110
4.12 T1及T2隧道之PAHs氣固相比率 113
4.13 T1及T2隧道PM2.5之PAHs含量與PAHs毒性濃度 114
4.14 T1及T2隧道之PM2.5與PAHs排放係數推估 117
第五章結論與建議 120
5.1 結論 120
5.2 建議 121
參考文獻 122
附錄一品保品管 138

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指導教授

張木彬(Moo-Been Chang)

審核日期

2019-8-16

推文