2018年鹿林山背景及生質燃燒煙團傳輸氣膠特性解析

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吳俊彥(Jun-Yan Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

2018年鹿林山背景及生質燃燒煙團傳輸氣膠特性解析

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摘要(中)

本文於2017年8、10月及2018年3、4月，在台灣鹿林山空氣品質測站(海拔2,862公尺)進行大氣氣膠觀測，目的是解析東亞大氣背景及受中南半島生質燃燒煙團傳輸影響的氣膠化學特性。
觀測期間分為前期(2017年)及後期(2018年)，前期觀測可分為背景期間與山谷風期間，背景期間PM2.5及PM10平均質量濃度分別為3.5 ± 1.9 µg m-3和6.9 ± 3.6 µg m-3，PM2.5占PM10為58%，可視為東亞高山氣膠背景濃度。後期觀測則分成生質燃燒影響與非生質燃燒影響期間，在生質燃燒影響期間PM2.5與PM10平均質量濃度分別為17.4 ± 3.9 µg m-3與21.6 ± 4.5 µg m-3，PM2.5占PM10的80.3%，顯示中南半島傳輸至東亞的生質燃燒氣膠受細粒徑主宰，PM2.5水溶性離子以nss-SO42-、NO3-與NH4+為主要化學成分，碳成分以OC3為優勢化學成分，但OC4較非生質燃燒期間明顯增加。
後期觀測期間當量黑碳(equivalent black carbon, EBC)與PM10元素碳相關性在生質燃燒期間最好，其次為自由大氣期間，最後為人為污染期間。PM10元素碳質量吸光效率在波長880 nm與950 nm分別為17.79 m2 g-1與15.62 m2 g-1比儀器製造廠商的黑碳質量吸光效率高；另外，EC2與吸光係數相關性明顯較低，說明EC2不是主要的吸光碳成分。
利用Revised IMPROVE公式模擬鹿林山後期觀測期間的PM2.5消光係數並和自動儀器氣膠消光係數比較，相關性很好(R2>0.75)，硫酸鹽對消光係數貢獻最大，其次為有機物。在背景期間，大氣氣膠消光係數以空氣分子散光為最顯著因子，其次為硫酸鹽和有機物。在低相對濕度和非靜風狀態下，鹿林山氣膠化學成分和上層大氣氣膠光學厚度線性相關增加。

摘要(英)

This study observed the atmospheric aerosol at the Mt. Lulin air-quality station (2,862 m a.s.l.) in Taiwan in August and October 2017 and March and April 2018. The objective is to explore the chemical characteristics of aerosols in the atmospheric background and the transported biomass burning (BB) smoke from Indochina to East Asia.
The observation was split into front and rear observation periods in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The front period was further divided into background and valley wind periods. The background concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 3.5 ± 1.9 μg m-3 and 6.9 ± 3.6 μg m-3, respectively, and PM2.5 accounted for 58% of PM10, which can be regarded as the background aerosol concentration in a high-elevation site in East Asia. In addition, the rear observation period was further divided into the periods of BB and non-BB. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 during the BB period were 17.4 ± 3.9 μg m-3 and 21.6 ± 4.5 μg m-3, respectively. PM2.5 accounted for 80.3% of PM10, which indicated that fine particlulates dominated the transported BB aerosol. Among PM2.5 chemical compositions, nss-SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ are major water-soluble inorganic ions, and OC3 is the dominant carbonaceous component with a pronounced increase of OC4 during the BB period.
The computed equivalent black carbon (EBC) correlated best with EC in PM10 during the BB period followed by those in the periods of free atmosphere and anthropogenic influence. The mass absorption efficiency of PM10 EC were 17.79 m2 g-1 and 15.62 m2 g-1, respectively, higher than the conversion values adopted by the manufacturer. Moreover, the correlation between EC2 and light absorption coefficient was low, implying that EC2 was not a significant component of light-absorbing carbon.
This study used the Revised IMPROVE formulae to computed atmospheric light extinction to come up with a good correlation (R2>0.75) with the measured values during the rear observation period. Sulfate contributed atmospheric light extinction most followed by organic matter according to the computation. In contrast, Rayleigh scattering by air molecules was the prominent factor followed by sulfate and organic matter in the front observation period. The correlation between PM2.5 chemical components and aerosol optical depth increased when the Mt. Lulin station was in low relative humidity and non-static environmental condition.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鹿林山大氣背景站
★ 生質燃燒氣膠
★ 長程傳輸氣膠化學特性
★ 氣膠光學性質

關鍵字(英)

★ Mt. Lulin Atmospheric Background Station
★ Biomass burning aerosol
★ Aerosol chemical characteristics from long-range transport
★ Aerosol optical properties

論文目次

目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
致謝 iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 x
第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1 生質燃燒 3
2.1.1 東南亞生質燃燒 3
2.1.2 氣膠傳輸特性 4
2.2 生質燃燒氣膠化學特性 5
2.2.1 氣膠碳成分 5
2.2.2 氣膠水溶性無機離子 7
2.2.3 氣膠單醣脫水化合物 8
2.2.4 氣膠二元酸 10
2.2.5 氣膠似腐植質(HULIS) 11
2.3 氣膠光學厚度(aerosol optical depth, AOD) 13
2.4 氣膠吸光特性 15
第三章研究方法 18
3.1 研究架構 18
3.2 鹿林山空氣品質背景監測站(Lulin Atmospheric Background Station, LABS) 18
3.2.1台灣鹿林山密集觀測期間逆推氣流軌跡線分類 21
3.3.2 台灣鹿林山谷風判斷方法 25
3.3 採樣觀測儀器 27
3.3.1 R&P Model 3500自組式蜂巢式套管化學採樣器 27
3.3.2 高量採樣器 29
3.4 採樣濾紙選擇與前處理程序 31
3.4.1 儀器與濾紙配置 31
3.4.2 濾紙前處理 33
3.4.3 樣本運送與保存 34
3.5 樣本分析方法 34
3.5.1 樣本質量濃度秤重 34
3.5.2 氣膠碳成分分析 35
3.5.3 氣膠水溶性離子分析 38
3.5.4 氣膠微粒揮發成分補償方法 41
3.5.5 氣膠水可溶有機碳分析 44
3.5.6 氣膠單醣脫水化合物 46
3.5.7 氣膠二元酸分析 48
3.5.8 氣膠腐植質分析 49
3.6 非海洋來源氣膠水溶性離子 51
3.7 判別生質燃燒發生的方法 52
3.7.1 美國太空總署(NASA)自然災害網 52
3.7.2 美國太空總署全球火災監測中心(GFMC) 53
3.7.3 氣流軌跡模式(NOAA HYSPLIT) 53
3.8 Revised IMPROVE 模擬消光係數 53
3.9 NOAA氣膠觀測系統 55
3.9.1積分式散光儀(Integrating Nephelometer) 55
3.9.2微粒碳吸收光度計(PSAP) 58
第四章結果與討論 61
4.1 2018年鹿林山氣膠化學成分特性 61
4.1.1氣膠質量濃度 61
4.1.2氣膠水溶性無機離子 63
4.1.3氣膠碳成分 66
4.1.4氣膠有機物 71
4.1.5觀測期間結果彙整 75
4.2 近三年鹿林山手動觀測氣膠成分特性 79
4.3氣膠質量光學效率 84
4.4 IMPROVE模式模擬氣膠PM2.5消光係數 90
4.4.1IMPROVE模式模擬大氣消光係數與貢獻因子 91
4.4.2Revised IMPROVE模式模擬大氣能見度 94
4.5 鹿林山氣膠化學成分與AOD關係 96
第五章結論 100
第六章參考文獻 102
附錄一鹿林山逆推軌跡圖 118
附錄二鹿林山逆推軌跡圖分類 139
附錄三鹿林山後期觀測火點圖 143
附錄四口試委員意見回復 146

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指導教授

李崇德

審核日期

2019-8-22

推文