基於同步考量抗干擾及低探究機率能力之感知通訊系統研究

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姓名

廖建興(Chien-Hsing Liao) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

通訊工程學系

論文名稱

基於同步考量抗干擾及低探究機率能力之感知通訊系統研究
(Investigation of Cognitive Communication System Based on Concurrent AJ and LPE Capabilities)

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摘要(中)

本論文內容主要探討三個密切相關之主題：對展頻通訊系統之同時多重干擾器/截收器評估、有效之跟隨式干擾機率模型研究，及其於感知無線電通訊之調適運用等。然於步入主題之前，將先進行與本論文研究相關之內容探討，如研究動機、目的、先前相關論文及工作回溯，以及許多與本論文論述相關之基本技術背景基礎，如TRANSEC傳輸安全性概念、展頻技術基礎、傳輸效應模型、天線場型模型，及供分析模擬之想定等；此外，有關DS直接序列及FH跳頻信號之干擾反制及其之涵蓋、偵測、截收，及探究反制等亦進行探討之。三項研究主題敘述如下:
第一個主題係經由可用之方法及衡量指標，提供同時之單一及多重之干擾器/截收器之AJ抗干擾及LPD/I/E低偵測/截收/探究率之評估。吾人發展出一系統化方法，藉由歸整許多與系統相關或幾何位置相關之參數，用以評估一俱同時AJ抗干擾及LPD/I/E低偵測/截收/探究率能力之安全通訊系統性能。吾人基於所提之運用想定，並特針對一典型FHMA跳頻多工及BFSK二元頻率位移鍵入調變方式，探討對於單一及多重之同時干擾器/截收器之安全性之評估及擇優。第二研究主題係以兩種不同之幾何觀察模型及平均式及循序式之兩種掃描方法，分析此有趣之跟隨式干擾模型，用以發展評估此種跟隨式干擾之有效跟隨機率。針對一俱及時掃描(偵測)及傳輸(干擾)之跟隨式干擾進行研究，藉由估算此有效干擾(追隨)機率(h)數值，以驗證其傳輸安全性之FH跳頻展頻性能。第三項主題係有關以”合作式”之CRU感知單元取代先前所提之共位置干擾器/截收器之CR感知無線電調適運用，其係一經由CPR感知機率比以評估即時通訊資源之有效及嶄新模型。基本之DF測向及EL定位技術亦可整合進入吾人所提之感知無線電單元模型，以提供更精確之傳輸延遲預估及時間估算。所提之CRU模型及CPR感知比等對感知無線電網路而言係創新之研究貢獻。

摘要(英)

In this thesis, we emphasize on three main topics of concurrent multiple jammer/interceptors evaluations for spread spectrum communication systems, investigations of effective FOJ probability model, and its adaptation to cognitive radio communications, which seem to be different but, in fact, closely related. Before stepping into these main topics, the research motivation, purpose, and previous work survey will be stated first, then some fundamental backgrounds for this thesis, e.g., TRANSEC concept, spread spectrum fundamentals, basic propagation effects model, antenna patterns model, adopted scenarios for analysis and simulations, and etc. will be followed. Hereafter, two countermeasures issues will be examined, which include the countermeasures to jam both DS and FH communication signals and the countermeasures to cover, detect, intercept, or even exploit both DS and FH signals. The three main topics are stated as follows.
The first main topic is the AJ and LPD/I/E evaluations for concurrent single and multiple jammer/interceptors via schemes and metrics available. We develop a systematic method for evaluation of a secure communication system with simultaneous AJ and LPD/I/E capabilities by coordinating with many system-dependent and geometric-dependent parameters. For a typical communications system with FHMA and BFSK modulation, single and multiple concurrent jammer/interceptors are examined based on the proposed operation scenarios for security evaluations and trade-offs.
The second main topic is the analysis of an interesting FOJ model with two different geometric observation models with elliptic and hyperbolic contours, respectively, and both uniform and sequential scanning schemes, to develop an approach for evaluating the FOJ effective probability. A FOJ model with both real-time scanning (detection) and transmission (jamming) capabilities is examined to verify the FH spread spectrum performance of transmission security by estimating effective jamming probability (h).
The last main topic is the adaptation to cognitive radio communication by replacing the collocated jammers/interceptors with “cooperative” cognitive radio units (CRUs), which would be an effective and novel model for evaluating the real time communication resources through cognitive probability ratio (CPR). Fundamental direction finding (DF) and emitter location (EL) techniques are incorporated with proposed cognitive radio unit (CRU) and models for more accurate propagation delay prediction and estimation. The proposed CRU model and CPR is innovative for cognitive radio network evaluations.

關鍵字(中)

★ 感知通訊
★ 低探究機率
★ 同步
★ 抗干擾

關鍵字(英)

★ cognitive radio
★ low probability of exploitation
★ anti-jamming
★ Concurrent

論文目次

中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vii
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xvii
Abbreviations xviii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1
1.2 SURVEY OF PREVIOUS WORK 3
1.3 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 7
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION 10
1.5 CONTRIBUTIONS 12
Chapter 2 General Background 14
2.1 TRANSMISSION SECURITY 14
2.2 SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS 18
2.2.1 Direct Sequence (DS) 19
2.2.2 Frequency Hopping (FH) 23
2.2.3 Time Hopping (TH) 26
2.2.4 Hybrid 27
2.3 PROPAGATION EFFECTS 29
2.4 ANTENNA PATTERN 32
2.5 SCENARIOS 34
2.6 SUMMARY 36
Chapter 3 Jamming and Interception 37
3.1 COUNTERMEASURES TO AJ AND LPD/I/E 37
3.2 JAMMING MODELS 38
3.2.1 Jamming Measures 39
3.2.2 Noncorrelated Jamming 39
3.2.2.1 Partial Band and Broadband Jamming 40
3.2.2.2 Multi-tone Jamming 41
3.2.2.3 Pulsed Jamming 42
3.2.2.4 Sweep jamming 42
3.2.3 Correlated Jamming 43
3.3 INTERCEPTION MODELS 44
3.3.1 Interception Measures 44
3.3.2 Linear Radiometer 45
3.3.2.1 Conventional Swept Receiver 46
3.3.2.2 Channelizer Receiver 47
3.3.2.3 Compressive Swept Receiver 48
3.3.3 Nonlinear Radiometer 49
3.3.3.1 Wideband Radiometric Receiver 49
3.3.3.2 Frequency Multiplier Receiver 50
3.3.3.3 Autocorrelation Receiver 51
3.3.3.4 Cross correlation Receiver 52
3.4 JAMMING PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 52
3.4.1 PBJ and BBJ Noise Jamming 52
3.4.2 Multi-tone Jamming 55
3.4.3 Pulsed Jamming 57
3.4.4 Follow-on Jamming 59
3.5 INTERCEPTION PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 63
3.5.1 Detection 64
3.5.2 Interception 68
3.5.3 Exploitation 69
3.6 EMITTER LOCATION 72
3.6.1 Emitter location fundamental 72
3.6.2 Two-site triangulation 74
3.6.3 Multi-site triangulation 77
3.7 SUMMARY 81
Chapter 4 Secure Concurrent AJ and LPE Communications 83
4.1 AJ AND LPE TRADEOFF 84
4.1.1 Model 85
4.1.1.1 Antenna patterns and tracking Errors 87
4.1.1.2 Power Control Issues 88
4.1.1.3 Jamming-to-Signal Ratio Contours 90
4.1.1.4 Interception-to-Noise Ratio Contours 90
4.1.1.5 Combined AJ and LPE Communications 91
4.1.2 Trade-off Results 94
4.2 CONCURRENT MULTIPLE JAMMER/INTERCEPTORS 102
4.2.1 Model 104
4.2.1.1 Multiple Jammers 107
4.2.1.2 Multiple Interceptors 108
4.2.1.3 Multiple Concurrent Jammer/Interceptors 110
4.2.2 Evaluation Method 113
4.2.3 Numerical Analysis 114
4.3 SUMMARY 123
Chapter 5 Performance Analysis of FH Follow-on Jamming 125
5.1 MODEL FOR FH JAMMING PROBABILITY 126
5.1.1 Uniform Scanning with Instant Response 132
5.1.2 Uniform Scanning with Delay Response 133
5.1.3 Sequential Scanning with Instant Response 135
5.1.4 Sequential Scanning with Delay Response 137
5.2 GEOMETRIC MODELS FOR FH JAMMING 139
5.2.1 Elliptical FH Jamming Model 139
5.2.2 Hyperbolic FH Jamming Model 141
5.3 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 144
5.3.1 Uniform Scanning 144
5.3.2 Sequential Scanning 147
5.3.3 Uniform and Sequential Comparisons 150
5.3.4 Contours of Hyperbolic and Elliptic Trajectories 152
5.4 SUMMARY 155
Chapter 6 Adaptation toward Cognitive Communication 156
6.1 COGNITIVE RADIO FUNDAMENTALS 157
6.1.1 Next generation cognitive radio networks 158
6.1.2 Cognitive main characteristics 159
6.1.2.1 Cognitive capability: 160
6.1.2.2 Cognitive reconfigurability: 160
6.1.3 Spectrum sensing 162
6.1.4 Spectrum sensing challenges 163
6.2 FH COGNITIVE RADIO COMMUNICATION 165
6.2.1 FH Cognitive Radio Unit (CRU) architecture 165
6.2.3 Formulation 166
6.2.2 Observation scenario 169
6.3 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 170
6.3.1 Contours by Using Uniform (U) Scanning 170
6.3.2 Contours by Using Sequential (S) Scanning 173
6.3.3 Contour Comparison by Using U and S scanning 176
6.3.4 Elliptic TSR and CPR 177
6.4 SUMMARY 182
Chapter 7 Conclusions 183
7.1 SUMMARY 183
7.2 FUTURE WORKS 185
References 186
Appendix A 193
Appendix B 194
Appendix C 195
Appendix D 197
Appendix E 199
Publication List 201

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指導教授

蔡木金(Mu-King Tsay)

審核日期

2008-11-18

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