泰坦的多儀器研究：甲烷的大氣逸散率估算 和泰坦的“平均”電離層模型

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姓名

許仁愷(Jen-Kai Hsu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

太空科學與工程研究所

論文名稱

泰坦的多儀器研究：甲烷的大氣逸散率估算和泰坦的“平均”電離層模型
(Multi-instrument studies of Titan: Estimates of the Atmospheric Escape Rates of CH4 and the "Average" Ionospheric Model)

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摘要(中)

這份研究主要使用卡西尼號太空船的觀測資料來研究土星的最大衛星，泰坦，的大氣層和電離層。卡西尼號搭載的離子及中性粒子質譜儀可以提供電子和中性粒子的密度資料；卡西尼電漿分光計可以提供正電子的密度資料；無線電和電漿波科學可以提供三維的電子密度和電子溫度；磁強計可以提供飛掠發生時的磁場資料。

第一個研究主題是對泰坦熱氣層和外氣層溫度變化的統計研究。卡西尼太空船上的儀器在進行飛掠觀測時，發現了熱氣層和外氣層溫度變化劇烈的特徵。我們使用了雙馬克士威爾近似檢查了質譜儀所量測的大氣密度剖面並且研究泰坦大氣溫度的全球變化。在過程中，有些飛掠的案例顯示出一個較冷的大氣層覆蓋在較熱的高層大氣之上。在這項研究中，我們回顧了卡西尼所量測的一系列氮氣和甲烷的密度分佈。包括與氮氣和甲烷的溫度變化的比較，以及突發事件和等離子體環境之間的統計相關性。

在第二個研究主題中，我們將分析從卡西尼號過去十年間從泰坦飛掠中所獲得的大量數據。本研究試圖通過使用太陽天頂角依賴性的簡單近似來生成不同離子物種的平均三維離子密度分佈。這種方式可以對泰坦電離層的全球特性進行全面的可視化，可作為將來執行泰坦任務的工程模型。此外，我們將討論太陽週期以及泰坦大氣層與土星磁層之間相互作用引起的泰坦電離層結構的不對稱性。

摘要(英)

The work in this thesis use a multi-instruments data from the Cassini spacecraft to study the atmosphere and ionosphere of Saturn’s largest moon Titan. The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) provided the ion and neutral number density distributions, the Ion Beam Spectrometer (IBS) of the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) experiment provided positive ion density profiles, and the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RWPS) instrument provided information on the 3D distributions of electron density and electron temperature. In addition, the Cassini magnetometer (MAG) probed the magnetic region when these targeted flybys happened. Two subjects are included in this thesis.

The first subject is a statistical study of variations in Titan′s thermospheric and exospheric temperature. The upper atmosphere of Titan is highly variable as characterized by the variations of the thermospheric and exospheric temperatures from in-situ measurements by Cassini at different Titan encounters. In the context of a bi-Maxwellian approximation, we examined the atmospheric density profiles obtained by the INMS experiment on Cassini and formed a global change of Titan’s atmospheric temperature at relatively short timescales. Some cases showed a cold exosphere overlying a hotter upper atmosphere during the transition. In this study, we review a series of measurements of N2 and CH4 density profiles. A comparison with the temperature variations of N2 and CH4, and statistical correlations between episodic events and plasma environments are included.

In the second part, we analyze the acquired extensive data set from the decadal coverage of the Cassini measurements during the Titan encounters. A statistical study of the spatial variations of Titan’s ionospheric composition has been performed. An attempt is made in this study to generate average 3D ion density distributions for different ion species by using a simple approximation of the solar zenith angle dependence. This empirical approach allows a comprehensive visualization of the global properties of Titan′s ionosphere that could be useful as engineering models for future missions to Titan. Moreover, we will discuss the asymmetry in the Titan’s ionospheric structure caused by of interaction between Titan’s atmosphere with the Saturnian magnetosphere.

關鍵字(中)

★ Titan
★ Cassini
★ atmosphere
★ ionosphere
★ exosphere

關鍵字(英)

★ 土衛六
★ 卡西尼號
★ 大氣層
★ 電離層
★ 外氣層

論文目次

Contents
Abstract i
摘要 iii
致謝 iv
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xvii
Chapter 1 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Instrumentation 3
1.2.1 Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) 7
1.1.2 The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) 10
1.1.3 Cassini RPWS Langmuir Probe (RPWS/LP) 12
1.1.4 Cassini Fluxgate Magnetometer (MAG) 13
1.2 Data treatment and multi-instrument study 14
1.3 Physical Property 16
Chapter 2 21
Titan 21
2.1 Titan’s neutral atmosphere 21
2.1.1 Atmospheric Composition 22
2.1.2 Vertical Structure 26
2.1.3 The Variability of Titan atmosphere 28
2.2 Titan’s ionosphere 33
2.2.1 Sources 34
2.2.2 Structure 35
2.2.3 Composition 39
2.2.4 Chemistry 42
CHAPTER3 45
The Atmospheric Escape Rates 45
3.1Atmospheric escape 45
3.2 Thermal escape 46
3.2.1 Jeans escape 46
3.2.2 Hydrodynamic escape 47
3.3 Non-thermal (suprathermal) escape 47
3.3.1 Photochemical escape 48
3.3.2 Charge exchange 48
3.3.3 Pickup and sputter escape 48
3.3.4 Photochemical escape of planetary atmospheres 49
3.4 Impact erosion 49
3.5 Atmospheric Loss of Titan 50
CHAPTER 4 53
Estimates of the Atmospheric Escape Rates of CH4 from Titan 53
4.1 Atmospheric Escape Rates of CH4 53
4.2 Exospheric Structures of N2 and CH4 54
4.3 Time-Dependent Variation of CH4 Escape Rates 59
4.4 Magnetospheric and Photochemical Effects of the CH4 escape rate 64
4.5 Summary 70
CHAPTER 5 71
A statistical study of Titan′s upper atmospheric and ionospheric composition and distributions 71
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2　Data Treatment of INMS 76
5.3 Comparison with different ion mass groups from CAPS 99
5.4 Solar cycle effect and plasma environment interaction in Titan’s ionosphere 106
5.5 Summary 115
CHAPTER 6 118
Conclusions and Discussions 118
Appendix 123
A.1 Best-fit results of different ion masses of the INMS measurements 123
A.2 Best-fit results of different mass groups of the CAPS-IBS measurements 127
A.3 Best-fit results of the INMS measurements at different solar conditions 130
A.4 Best-fit results of the INMS measurements at different solar conditions and plasma environments 131
A4.1 Solar maximum 131
A4.2 Solar minimum 133
Bibliography 134

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指導教授

葉永烜(Wing-Huen Ip)

審核日期

2020-7-24

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