摘要(英) |
In the CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear) environment, the response measures early warning, protection, reconnaissance, decontamination, and first aid. Among all the measures, early warning is the most important of all. While facing the so-called poor man’s atomic bomb-chemical warfare agents, troops in the front line rely heavily on alarming equipment as their early warning measures. However, both M8A1 and GID-3 alarming equipment, currently serve in ROC armed forces, are using radioactive materials to ionize incoming gas to detect chemical warfare agents and chemical substances. The ionizing radiation generated by the radioactive materials can be a potential harm for the alarming equipment operators. Thus, we must measure and assess their radiation doses to ensure operators’ safety. This study uses optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) which are placed on the surface of equipment and in the storage unit to measure the cumulative dose over 2000 hours, which is the annual legal working hours in Taiwan. Also, all the annual military routine activities that require alarm equipment to be operated for long hours such as unit trainings, professional expertise trainings, evaluations, military exercise, and equipment maintenance are considered and the total operation hours to make sure that operators are in the safe environment. After continuously monitoring M8A1 and GID-3 for 2000 hours, the average dose rates of two equipments are 0.59 μSv/h and 0.12 μSv/h respectively. Since the total operation time of the annual military routine activities is 1376.5 hours, annual cumulative doses for the operators are 905.3 μSv and 184.1 μSv, which are lower than the legal annual dose limit (1000 μSv). Hence, there is no need to implement special medical examinations or individual radiation dose monitoring. In conclusion, both M8A1 and GID-3 alarming equipment are safe enough for operators to implement in various annual military routine trainings. |
參考文獻 |
Alothmany N., Jiman1 A., Molla, N. I., Natto H., Tayeb M., Nadwi F., Yusuf M., Saoudi A., Mail N., Alothmany D., Khafaji M.A., & Kinsara A.A., Characterization of optically stimulated luminescence for assessment of breast doses in mammography screening, Radioprotection, Vol. 51(1), pp 51-58, (2016)
ARPANSA, Code for radiation protection in planned exposure situations radiation protection series C-1, Australian Radiation Protection Nuclear Safety Agency publications, (2020)
ATOMTEX,2020年4月12日,取自https://atomtex.com/。
BfS, Radiation protection ordinance, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (2018)
Brletich, N. R., Waters, M. J., Bowen, G. W., & Tracy, M. F., Worldwide chemical detection equipment handbook, Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center (CBIAC). (1995)
Galella, E., Jennings, S., Srikoti, M., & Bonasso, E. Cleaning verification: method development and validation using ion mobility spectrometry, Pharmaceutical Technology, Vol. 33(7), pp 60-63. (2009)
HSE, The ionising radiation regulations 2017, Health and Safety Executive (2017)
Jursinic, P. A., Characterization of optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters, OSLDs, for clinical dosimetric measurements. Medical physics, Vol. 34(12), pp 4594-4604, (2007)
Kobayashi, I., Okazaki, T., Yajima, K., & Yasuda, H, Environmental radiation dosimetry by the small OSL reader, NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 3, pp 79-81, (2012)
Kamwang, N., Rungseesumran, T., Saengchantr, D., Monthonwattana, S., & Pungkun, V., Effect of the scattering radiation in air and two type of slap phantom between PMMA and the ISO water phantom for personal dosimeters calibration, Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 860(1), (2017)
Landauer, Inc. USA, microStarTM User Manual, (2007)
Landauer,2020年4月12日,取自https://www.nagase-landauer.co.jp。
Lauridsen, B., Table of exposure rate constants and dose equivalent rate constants, Risø National Laboratory, (1982)
Meye, P. O., Schandorf, C., & Ndong, R. O., Reader quality control tests, dose algorithm comparison, and signal depletion of optically stimulated luminescence dosimetry systems used for individual monitoring: A case of the dosimetry system of the national individual monitoring service in Gabon. Radiation Protection and Environment, Vol. 41(2), pp 88, (2018).
Nur, K. Z., Jalal, N. A., Ahmad, B. A. K., Faizal, A. A. R., & Ibrahim, S., Environmental dose mapping at raymintex plant area using 3 types of OSL dosimeter, Nuclear Malaysia RnD Seminar Conference, (2016)
Singh, V. P., Badiger, N. M., & Bihari, R. R., Backscattering factor for some personal dosimeters and impact on Hp(10), Radioprotection, Vol. 48(2), pp 243-251, (2013)
Smiths Detection Ltd, Workshop Maintenance Manual, (2004)
Solon, L. R., & Blatz H., Effect of body back scatter on pocket dosimeters and atomic energy commission-health and safety laboratory film badges Vol. 4640.,Health and Safety Laboratory-New York Operations Office. (1955)
Unger, L. M., & Trubey, D. K., Specific gamma-ray dose constants for nuclides important to dosimetry and radiological assessment, No. ORNL/RSIC-45/Rev. 1., Oak Ridge National Lab. (1982)
U.S. Department of the Army, The army radiation safety program (2015)
U.S. Department of Defense, Management of equipment contaminated with depleted uranium or radioactive commodities, Army Regulation 700-48, (2002)
U.S. Department of the Navy, Radiation health protection manual, NAVMED P-5055, (2018)
行政院原子能委員會,游離輻射防護法規彙編,2017年。
行政院原子能委員會網站,「有關媒體報導『長期曝露於宇宙輻射,易增加致癌風險』之說明」,2014年,https://www.aec.gov.tw/newsdetail/headline/3182.html
何東山,研習光激光技術(OSL)於輻射劑量評估之應用,公務出國報告,2012年,報告編號:C10101929。
何書慧,「GID-3化學警報器偵測性能及妥善維護之研究」,化生放核防護半年刊,第99期,101-120頁,2015年。
林昱逢,康曉君,林招膨、盧佳君,丁建益,陳家倫,「光刺激發光劑量計於宜蘭地區環境輻射監測之應用與探討」,臺灣應用輻射與同位素雜誌,第13卷,第2期,1481-1488頁,2017年。
香港醫學物理學會,2020年5月18日,取自http://www.hkamp.org/main/index.php/medical-physics/legacy-corner/radiation-physics。
陳立言,利用人員劑量佩章進行輻射防護量與作業量之差異比較,碩士論文,國立清華大學生醫工程與環境科學系,2014年。
陳俊勛,柯敏君,李瑞萍,劉文山,陳健懿,醫用迴旋加速器之環境輻射評估,行政院國家科學委員會補助大專學生參與專題研究計畫研究成果報告,2010年。
陸軍化學兵學校,M8A1化學戰劑自動警報器二級保養維修手冊,1999年。
財團法人中華民國輻射防護協會,游離輻射防護彙萃,2013年。
高紫綾,葉善宏,「光激發光劑量計與氟化鋰熱發光劑量計輻射偵測特性之研究比較」,臺灣應用輻射與同位素雜誌,第8卷,第4期,411-418頁,2012年。
郭馨鎂,劉晏孜,林盈利,「懷孕婦女之輻射曝露」,家庭醫學與基層醫療,第34卷,第7期,197-204頁,2019年。
國防部陸軍司令部,陸軍GID-3化學警報器操作手冊,2014年。
張寶樹,李淑櫻,「清華膠片佩章簡介」,科學月刊,119期,1979年。
莊孝感,「核生化防護研發回顧」,化生放核防護半年刊,第106期,1-10頁,2018年。
許芳裕,黃奕祥,游澄清,蔡清立,趙君行,「清華大學銫-137 劑量校正場之空間劑量評估」,加馬,第37期,35-44頁,2006年。
黃韶鈞,OWL化學警報器簡介,化生放核防護半年刊,第103期,142~154頁,2017年。
虞品揚,楊尚仁,「化進專案-展示確認出國報告」,國防部軍備局中山科學研究院,公務出國報告,2011年,報告編號:C10005030。
鄭偉鋅,許芳裕,游澄清,「利用光刺激發光劑量計及自製計讀儀進行放射治療之劑量評估的可行性評估」,台灣應用輻射與同位素雜誌,第12卷,第2期,1275-1279頁,2016年。
劉祺章,黃富祈,羅會義,游勝路,小林育夫,岸根孝行,劉衣祺,許芳裕,「光激螢光環境劑量計不確定度與最低可測限值評估」,臺灣應用輻射與同位素雜誌,第8卷,第3期,301-310頁,2012年。
劉衛蒼,「M8A1毒氣警報器人員劑量評估與輻射安全作法」,核生化防護半年刊,第79期,47-57頁,2013年。
賴毓嵐,賴律翰,林招膨,「光刺激發光劑量計應用於乳房X光攝影之劑量評估」,臺灣應用輻射與同位素雜誌,第11卷,第4期,209-216頁,2015年。
簡文彬,「熱發光劑量計(輻射佩章)介紹」,輻射防護簡訊,第133期,3-5頁,2015年。 |