An integrated heralded single photon source based on STIRAP  using Ti-PPLN waveguides

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：63

、訪客IP：18.191.205.149

姓名

李仰騰(Yang-Teng Li) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

光電科學與工程學系

論文名稱

(An integrated heralded single photon source based on STIRAP using Ti-PPLN waveguides)

相關論文

★ Continuous-wave narrow-line yellow laser generation in a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser using volume Bragg gratings	★ 半導體雷射泵浦內建式Q-調制Nd:MgO:PPLN雷射之研究
★ 主動式多通道窄頻寬通Ti:PPLN波導濾波及模態轉換器之研究	★ 以鎂掺雜鈮酸鋰製作二倍頻藍光雷射波導元件之製程研究
★ 非週期性晶格極化反轉鈮酸鋰作為主動式窄頻寬通多波長濾波器及倍頻多波長濾波器	★ 非週期性晶格極化反轉鈮酸鋰作為有效率的二倍頻和模態轉換器之研究
★ 積體式週期與非週期極性反轉鈮酸鋰光電與雷射元件	★ 退火式質子交換波導PPLN電光調制TM模態轉輻射偏振態之研究
★ 高效率雙Nd:YVO4 雷射和頻黃光產生系統	★ 以串級式電光週期性晶格極化反轉鈮酸鋰達成三波長主動式Q-調制Nd:YVO4雷射
★ 以單塊二維週期性晶格極化反轉鈮酸鋰同時作為Nd:YVO4雷射之電光Q調制器和腔內光參量振盪器	★ 綠光準相位匹配二倍頻質子交換鎂摻雜鈮酸鋰波導的製程研究
★ 以單晶片串級式週期性準相位匹配波長轉換器與非週期性準相位匹配電光偏振模態轉換器達成主動式調制窄頻輸出光參量振盪器之研究	★ 單片非週期性晶疇極化反轉鈮酸鋰同時作為Nd:YVO4雷射Q-調制和腔內光參量產生之研究
★ 準相位匹配二倍頻軟質子交換鎂摻雜鈮酸鋰波導研究	★ 以雙體積全像布拉格光柵及二維週期性晶疇極化反轉鈮酸鋰於Nd:YVO4雷射內達成脈衝式窄頻光參量振盪器之研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

近年來，由於量子科學相關研究的快速突破，新世代量子計算及加密通訊在這個時代即將變成可能，然而現今的量子系統多半建立於超導量子位元，其嚴苛的溫度要求、龐大的系統體積以及昂貴的造價仍然嚴重地限制了它的應用潛力。但是以單光子源作為媒介的量子系統卻不受到此限制，不但能夠操作於室溫，並且能夠直接整合於目前成熟的矽光子元件和光纖通訊網路，讓積體量子光路晶片成為可能。

本研究旨在開發高製程容忍度的積體化鈮酸鋰單光子晶片，包含準相位匹配結構、寬頻波導偏振分光器以及波長濾波器。透過絕熱耦合理論的計算，本研究縮短了以往絕熱偏振分光器的元件長度，同時保留其高製程容忍度以及寬頻運作的特性，並成功地將單光子源整合於同一晶片上。

摘要(英)

In recent years, the explosively growing field of quantum information science has driven a dramatic surge of research into developing single photon sources with high brightness, robustness and scalability. In this work, we have experimentally demonstrated the first fully-integrated heralded single photon source using ti-diffused periodically poled lithiun niobate (PPLN) waveguides. A novel design of ultra-broadband, highly fabrication tolerant PBS and pump filter based on spatial adiabatic passage is proposed. The measured PERs for TE and TM polarizations are greater than 15 dB over a wavelength range of 140 nm and 100 nm, respectively, even in the presence of near 1 µm width deviation. Due to the background noise caused by free space coupling and scattering, the highest PERs are limited to near 15 dB level, which will be further improved by endfacet fiber pigtailing.

關鍵字(中)

★ 積體化單光子源晶片
★ 自發參量下轉換光源
★ 偏振分光器
★ 高通濾波器
★ 週期式極化反轉結構
★ 準相位匹配

關鍵字(英)

★ Integrated heralded single photon source
★ PPLN
★ Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage
★ Adiabatic coupler
★ Polarization beam splitter
★ Pump filter

論文目次

Contents
Page
中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iii
Contents iv
List of figures vi
List of tables xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Single Photon Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Deterministic/Probabilistic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Material Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Integrated Polarization Beam Splitters and Spectral Filters 6
2 Theoretical Background 12
2.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Nonlinear Optical Media . . . . 12
2.1.1 Nolinear Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.2 Wave Equation in Nonlinear Optical Media . . . . 15
2.2 The Coupled-mode Equations of Sum Frequency Generation18
2.2.1 The Coupled-mode Equations of SFG . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 Phase Matching of SFG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Quasi-phase Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Quantum Mechanical Description of Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
iv
2.4.1 Joint Spectrum Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.2 The Quantum State Generated by SPDC . . . . . 30
2.5 Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5.1 STIRAP in Atomic Level Systems . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5.2 STIRAP in Evanescently-coupled Waveguide Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.5.3 Polarization Beam Splitters Based on STIRAP . . 41
2.5.4 High-pass Filters Based on STIRAP . . . . . . . . 45
3 Simulations 49
3.1 Polarization Beam Splitters Based on STIRAP . . . . . . 50
3.2 Pump Filters Based on Frequency-swept STIRAP . . . . . 58
4 Experimental Setups 64
5 Fabrication Process 67
5.1 Titanium In-diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.2 Electric Field Poling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6 Experimental Results and Discussions 72
6.1 Spectral Characteristics of SFG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.2 PER and ER Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.3 Coincidence Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7 Conclusion and outlook 87
Bibliography 90

參考文獻

Bibliography
[1] Frank Arute, Kunal Arya, Ryan Babbush, Dave Bacon, Joseph C
Bardin, Rami Barends, Rupak Biswas, Sergio Boixo, Fernando GSL
Brandao, David A Buell, et al. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature, 574(7779):505–510,
2019.
[2] Feihu Xu, Xiongfeng Ma, Qiang Zhang, Hoi-Kwong Lo, and JianWei Pan. Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices.
Reviews of Modern Physics, 92(2):025002, 2020.
[3] Fulvio Flamini, Nicolo Spagnolo, and Fabio Sciarrino. Photonic
quantum information processing: a review. Reports on Progress in
Physics, 82(1):016001, 2018.
[4] Matthew D Eisaman, Jingyun Fan, Alan Migdall, and Sergey V
Polyakov. Invited review article: Single-photon sources and detectors. Review of scientific instruments, 82(7):071101, 2011.
[5] P Ben Dixon, Jeffrey H Shapiro, and Franco NC Wong. Spectral engineering by gaussian phase-matching for quantum photonics. Optics express, 21(5):5879–5890, 2013.
[6] Agata M Brańczyk, Alessandro Fedrizzi, Thomas M Stace, Tim C
Ralph, and Andrew G White. Engineered optical nonlinearity for
quantum light sources. Optics express, 19(1):55–65, 2011.
[7] H Hu, R Ricken, W Sohler, and RB Wehrspohn. Lithium niobate
ridge waveguides fabricated by wet etching. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 19(6):417–419, 2007.
[8] Cheng Wang, Michael J Burek, Zin Lin, Haig A Atikian, Vivek
Venkataraman, I-Chun Huang, Peter Stark, and Marko Lončar. In90
tegrated high quality factor lithium niobate microdisk resonators.
Optics express, 22(25):30924–30933, 2014.
[9] Andrea Guarino, Gorazd Poberaj, Daniele Rezzonico, Riccardo
Degl’Innocenti, and Peter Günter. Electro–optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate. Nature photonics, 1(7):407–410,
2007.
[10] Juanjuan Lu, Joshua B Surya, Xianwen Liu, Alexander W Bruch,
Zheng Gong, Yuntao Xu, and Hong X Tang. Periodically poled thinfilm lithium niobate microring resonators with a second-harmonic
generation efficiency of 250,000%/w. Optica, 6(12):1455–1460, 2019.
[11] Gorazd Poberaj, Hui Hu, Wolfgang Sohler, and Peter Guenter.
Lithium niobate on insulator (lnoi) for micro-photonic devices.
Laser & photonics reviews, 6(4):488–503, 2012.
[12] Guangzhen Li, Yuping Chen, Haowei Jiang, and Xianfeng Chen.
Broadband sum-frequency generation using d 33 in periodically
poled linbo 3 thin film in the telecommunications band. Optics
letters, 42(5):939–942, 2017.
[13] TR Volk, RV Gainutdinov, and HH Zhang. Domain-wall conduction
in afm-written domain patterns in ion-sliced linbo3 films. Applied
Physics Letters, 110(13):132905, 2017.
[14] M Armenise, CLAUDIO Canali, M De Sario, ALBERT Carnera,
PAOLO Mazzoldi, and GIANCARLO Celotti. Ti compound formation during ti diffusion in linbo 3. IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, 5(2):212–216, 1982.
[15] G Griffiths and R Esdaile. Analysis of titanium diffused planar
optical waveguides in lithium niobate. IEEE Journal of Quantum
electronics, 20(2):149–159, 1984.
[16] Isa Kiyat, Atilla Aydinli, and Nadir Dagli. A compact silicon-oninsulator polarization splitter. IEEE photonics technology letters,
17(1):100–102, 2004.
91
[17] Zisu Gong, Rui Yin, Wei Ji, Junbao Wang, Chonghao Wu, Xiao Li,
and Shicheng Zhang. Optimal design of dc-based polarization beam
splitter in lithium niobate on insulator. Optics Communications,
396:23–27, 2017.
[18] Hiroshi Fukuda, Koji Yamada, Tai Tsuchizawa, Toshifumi Watanabe, Hiroyuki Shinojima, and Sei-ichi Itabashi. Ultrasmall polarization splitter based on silicon wire waveguides. Optics Express,
14(25):12401–12408, 2006.
[19] Daoxin Dai and John E Bowers. Novel ultra-short and ultrabroadband polarization beam splitter based on a bent directional
coupler. Optics express, 19(19):18614–18620, 2011.
[20] Sitao Chen, Hao Wu, and Daoxin Dai. High extinction-ratio compact polarisation beam splitter on silicon. Electronics Letters,
52(12):1043–1045, 2016.
[21] Hao Wu, Ying Tan, and Daoxin Dai. Ultra-broadband highperformance polarizing beam splitter on silicon. Optics express,
25(6):6069–6075, 2017.
[22] Jian Wang, Di Liang, Yongbo Tang, Daoxin Dai, and John E Bowers. Realization of an ultra-short silicon polarization beam splitter with an asymmetrical bent directional coupler. Optics letters,
38(1):4–6, 2013.
[23] MK Chin and Seng-Tiong Ho. Design and modeling of waveguidecoupled single-mode microring resonators. Journal of lightwave
technology, 16(8):1433, 1998.
[24] Matthew J Collins, Chunle Xiong, Isabella H Rey, Trung D Vo, Jiakun He, Shayan Shahnia, Christopher Reardon, Thomas F Krauss,
MJ Steel, Alex S Clark, et al. Integrated spatial multiplexing of heralded single-photon source. Nature communications, 4(1):1–7, 2013.
[25] Jay E Sharping, Kim Fook Lee, Mark A Foster, Amy C Turner,
Bradley S Schmidt, Michal Lipson, Alexander L Gaeta, and Prem
Kumar. Generation of correlated photons in nanoscale silicon
waveguides. Optics express, 14(25):12388–12393, 2006.
92
[26] Stéphane Clemmen, K Phan Huy, Wim Bogaerts, Roel G Baets,
Ph Emplit, and Serge Massar. Continuous wave photon pair generation in silicon-on-insulator waveguides and ring resonators. Optics
express, 17(19):16558–16570, 2009.
[27] Nicholas C Harris, Davide Grassani, Angelica Simbula, Mihir Pant,
Matteo Galli, Tom Baehr-Jones, Michael Hochberg, Dirk Englund,
Daniele Bajoni, and Christophe Galland. Integrated source of spectrally filtered correlated photons for large-scale quantum photonic
systems. Physical Review X, 4(4):041047, 2014.
[28] Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Della Valle, Marco Ornigotti, and Paolo
Laporta. Coherent tunneling by adiabatic passage in an optical
waveguide system. Physical Review B, 76(20):201101, 2007.
[29] Ricard Menchon-Enrich, Andreu Llobera, Jordi Vila-Planas, Víctor J Cadarso, Jordi Mompart, and Veronica Ahufinger. Light spectral filtering based on spatial adiabatic passage. Light: Science &
Applications, 2(8):e90–e90, 2013.
[30] Alexander S Solntsev, Tong Liu, Andreas Boes, Thach G Nguyen,
Che Wen Wu, Frank Setzpfandt, Arnan Mitchell, Dragomir N Neshev, and Andrey A Sukhorukov. Towards on-chip photon-pair bell
tests: Spatial pump filtering in a linbo3 adiabatic coupler. Applied
Physics Letters, 111(26):261108, 2017.
[31] HP Chung, KH Huang, SL Yang, WK Chang, CW Wu, Frank Setzpfandt, Thomas Pertsch, DN Neshev, and YH Chen. Adiabatic
light transfer in titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguides. Optics express, 23(24):30641–30650, 2015.
[32] Pragati Aashna and K Thyagarajan. Polarization splitter based on
a three waveguide directional coupler using quantum mechanical
analogies. Journal of Optics, 19(6):065805, 2017.
[33] Hung-Pin Chung, Chieh-Hsun Lee, Kuang-Hsu Huang, Sung-Lin
Yang, Kai Wang, Alexander S Solntsev, Andrey A Sukhorukov,
Frank Setzpfandt, and Yen-Hung Chen. Broadband on-chip polar93
ization mode splitters in lithium niobate integrated adiabatic couplers. Optics express, 27(2):1632–1645, 2019.
[34] Theodore H Maiman. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby. nature,
187(4736):493–494, 1960.
[35] Robert W. Boyd. Nonlinear Optics, Third Edition. Academic Press,
Inc., USA, 3rd edition, 2008.
[36] Amnon Yariv and Pochi Yeh. Optical waves in crystals, volume 5.
Wiley New York, 1984.
[37] JA Armstrong, N Bloembergen, J Ducuing, and PS Pershan. Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric. Physical
review, 127(6):1918, 1962.
[38] eg PA Franken, Alan E Hill, CW el Peters, and G Weinreich. Generation of optical harmonics. Physical Review Letters, 7(4):118, 1961.
[39] David S Hum and Martin M Fejer. Quasi-phasematching. Comptes
Rendus Physique, 8(2):180–198, 2007.
[40] XP Hu, P Xu, and SN Zhu. Engineered quasi-phase-matching for
laser techniques. Photonics Research, 1(4):171–185, 2013.
[41] Baoqin Chen, Lihong Hong, Chenyang Hu, Chao Zhang, Rongjuan
Liu, and Zhiyuan Li. Engineering quadratic nonlinear photonic
crystals for frequency conversion of lasers. Journal of Optics,
20(3):034009, 2018.
[42] Robert C. Miller. Optical harmonic generation in single crystal
batio3. Phys. Rev., 134:A1313–A1319, Jun 1964.
[43] M. M. Fejer, G. A. Magel, D. H. Jundt, and R. L. Byer. Quasiphase-matched second harmonic generation: tuning and tolerances.
IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 28(11):2631–2654, 1992.
[44] Yang Ming, Zi-jian Wu, Guo-xin Cui, Ai-hong Tan, Fei Xu, and
Yan-qing Lu. Integrated source of tunable nonmaximally modeentangled photons in a domain-engineered lithium niobate waveguide. Applied Physics Letters, 104(17):171110, 2014.
94
[45] Warren P Grice and Ian A Walmsley. Spectral information and distinguishability in type-ii down-conversion with a broadband pump.
Physical Review A, 56(2):1627, 1997.
[46] CK Law, Ian A Walmsley, and JH Eberly. Continuous frequency entanglement: effective finite hilbert space and entropy control. Physical Review Letters, 84(23):5304, 2000.
[47] Peter J Mosley, Jeff S Lundeen, Brian J Smith, and Ian A Walmsley. Conditional preparation of single photons using parametric downconversion: a recipe for purity. New Journal of Physics,
10(9):093011, 2008.
[48] Alan Migdall, Sergey V Polyakov, Jingyun Fan, and Joshua C Bienfang. Single-photon generation and detection: physics and applications. Academic Press, 2013.
[49] Nikolay V Vitanov, Thomas Halfmann, Bruce W Shore, and Klaas
Bergmann. Laser-induced population transfer by adiabatic passage
techniques. Annual review of physical chemistry, 52(1):763–809,
2001.
[50] U Gaubatz, P Rudecki, S Schiemann, and K Bergmann. Population
transfer between molecular vibrational levels by stimulated raman
scattering with partially overlapping laser fields. a new concept and
experimental results. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 92(9):5363–
5376, 1990.
[51] Max Born and Vladimir Fock. Beweis des adiabatensatzes.
Zeitschrift für Physik, 51(3-4):165–180, 1928.
[52] Fred Cooper, Avinash Khare, and Uday Sukhatme. Supersymmetry
and quantum mechanics. Physics Reports, 251(5-6):267–385, 1995.
[53] Giuseppe Della Valle, Marco Ornigotti, T Toney Fernandez, Paolo
Laporta, Stefano Longhi, A Coppa, and V Foglietti. Adiabatic light
transfer via dressed states in optical waveguide arrays. Applied
Physics Letters, 92(1):011106, 2008.
95
[54] Tommaso Lunghi, Florent Doutre, Alicia Petonela Rambu,
Matthieu Bellec, Marc P De Micheli, Alin M Apetrei, Olivier Alibart, Nadia Belabas, Sorin Tascu, and Sébastien Tanzilli. Broadband integrated beam splitter using spatial adiabatic passage. Optics Express, 26(21):27058–27063, 2018.
[55] Hung-Pin Chung, Kuang-Hsu Huang, Kai Wang, Sung-Lin Yang,
Shih-Yuan Yang, Chun-I Sung, Alexander S Solntsev, Andrey A
Sukhorukov, Dragomir N Neshev, and Yen-Hung Chen. Asymmetric adiabatic couplers for fully-integrated broadband quantumpolarization state preparation. Scientific Reports, 7(1):1–7, 2017.
[56] K Bergmann, H Theuer, and BW Shore. Coherent population transfer among quantum states of atoms and molecules. Reviews of Modern Physics, 70(3):1003, 1998.
[57] Klaas Bergmann, Nikolay V Vitanov, and Bruce W Shore. Perspective: Stimulated raman adiabatic passage: The status after 25
years. The Journal of chemical physics, 142(17):170901, 2015.
[58] Ricard Menchon-Enrich, Albert Benseny, Verònica Ahufinger, Andrew D Greentree, Th Busch, and Jordi Mompart. Spatial adiabatic
passage: a review of recent progress. Reports on Progress in Physics,
79(7):074401, 2016.
[59] Bruce W Shore. Picturing stimulated raman adiabatic passage: a
stirap tutorial. Advances in Optics and Photonics, 9(3):563–719,
2017.
[60] Timo A Laine and Stig Stenholm. Adiabatic processes in three-level
systems. Physical Review A, 53(4):2501, 1996.
[61] Stefano Longhi. Quantum-optical analogies using photonic structures. Laser & Photonics Reviews, 3(3):243–261, 2009.
[62] NV Vitanov. Adiabatic population transfer by delayed laser pulses
in multistate systems. Physical Review A, 58(3):2295, 1998.
[63] F Dreisow, A Szameit, M Heinrich, S Nolte, A Tünnermann, Marco
Ornigotti, and Stefano Longhi. Direct observation of landau-zener
96
tunneling in a curved optical waveguide coupler. Physical Review
A, 79(5):055802, 2009.
[64] Daigao Chen, Xi Xiao, Lei Wang, Ge Gao, Wen Liu, and Qi Yang.
Broadband, fabrication-tolerant polarization beam splitters based
on a tapered directional coupler. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 28(19):2074–2077, 2016.
[65] Dawei Wang, Yujie Hu, Wencheng Yue, Youhong Zeng, Zhijuan
Tu, Yan Cai, Wei Wang, Qing Fang, and Mingbin Yu. Broadband
and compact polarization beam splitter based on an asymmetrical
directional coupler with extra optimizing designs. Applied optics,
58(30):8221–8226, 2019.
[66] Thomas Meany, Lutfi A Ngah, Matthew J Collins, Alex S Clark,
Robert J Williams, Benjamin J Eggleton, MJ Steel, Michael J Withford, Olivier Alibart, and Sébastien Tanzilli. Hybrid photonic circuit for multiplexed heralded single photons. Laser & Photonics
Reviews, 8(3):L42–L46, 2014.
[67] Xiao-song Ma, Stefan Zotter, Johannes Kofler, Thomas Jennewein,
and Anton Zeilinger. Experimental generation of single photons via
active multiplexing. Physical Review A, 83(4):043814, 2011.
[68] Gregory David Miller. Periodically poled lithium niobate: modeling, fabrication, and nonlinear-optical performance. PhD thesis,
Stanford university, 1998.
[69] J Webjorn, J Amin, M Hempstead, P St J Russell, and JS Wilkinson. Electric-field-induced periodic domain inversion in nd/sup 3+/-
diffused linbo/sub 3. Electronics Letters, 30(25):2135–2136, 1994.
[70] J Amin, V Pruneri, J Webjörn, P St J Russell, DC Hanna, and
JS Wilkinson. Blue light generation in a periodically poled ti:
Linbo3 channel waveguide. Optics communications, 135(1-3):41–
44, 1997.
[71] Zeqin Lu, Yun Wang, Fan Zhang, Nicolas AF Jaeger, and Lukas
Chrostowski. Wideband silicon photonic polarization beamsplitter
97
based on point-symmetric cascaded broadband couplers. Optics
express, 23(23):29413–29422, 2015.
[72] Fan Zhang, Han Yun, Yun Wang, Zeqin Lu, Lukas Chrostowski, and
Nicolas AF Jaeger. Compact broadband polarization beam splitter
using a symmetric directional coupler with sinusoidal bends. Optics
Letters, 42(2):235–238, 2017.
[73] Abu Thomas. Photon Pair Sources in Periodically Poled Ti:
LiNbO3 Waveguides. PhD thesis, Universitätsbibliothek, 2011.
[74] Marco Bazzan and Cinzia Sada. Optical waveguides in lithium niobate: Recent developments and applications. Applied Physics Reviews, 2(4):040603, 2015.
98

指導教授

陳彥宏(Yen-Hung Chen)

審核日期

2021-1-11

推文