饑餓、疾病與生存：從《蓮娜·穆希娜日記》看列寧格勒圍城

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許惠敏(Hui-Min Xu) 查詢紙本館藏

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饑餓、疾病與生存：從《蓮娜·穆希娜日記》看列寧格勒圍城
(Hunger, Disease and Survival: Viewing the Siege of Leningrad from “Diary of Elena Mukhina”)

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摘要(中)

摘要
1941 年 6 月 22 日德軍攻破蘇聯西部軍事防線，同年 9 月 8 日包
圍了位於俄羅斯西北部通往波羅的海重要城市列寧格勒，從此開啟長達
872 天的封鎖。德軍的圍城行動，幾乎阻斷了列寧格勒與外界的聯繫，只
剩下拉多加湖的物資運輸路線。由於戰前城內糧食儲備不足，加上德軍轟
炸使得糧倉起火，大批物資被燒毀，導致列寧格勒在圍城的第一個冬季即
爆發嚴重的饑荒。
因此，本文主要以蓮娜・穆希娜（Elena Mukhina,1924-1991）日記為
例，試圖說明列寧格勒圍城時期饑荒之下普通市民的日常生活。文章透過
蓮娜的視角及其他史料，探析圍城前後蓮娜生活發生什麼變化？蓮娜以及
家人處於食物配給制最底層，饑荒給日常生活帶來什麼影響？政府採取什
麼補救措施？二戰期間世界各國實行配給制，為何唯獨列寧格勒發生死亡
人數最為慘重的饑荒？長期的饑荒給人體帶來什麼疾病與心靈創傷？無
法逃離列寧格勒、且位於配給制底層的市井小民依靠什麼力量生存下來？
本文嘗試從饑荒、疾病與生存條件三個角度，分析蓮娜的戰爭經驗與蘇聯
政府塑造的英雄、勇敢、愛國主義的圍城記憶有何不同之處。

摘要(英)

Abstract
On June, 22nd, 1941, the armed forces of the German government successfully broke through the defenses at the western part of the Soviet Union. Afterwards, the German authorities besieged the city, Leningrad, which was located between the northwestern part of the Soviet Union and the Baltic Sea. The lockdown had begun from September, 8th and lasted for 872 days.
The victory of this war also caused Leningrad to be isolated from other cities. The supply of the food and other life essentials could only be conducted through Ladoga Lake. Because the granary was destroyed by the German armed forces and the storage of food was not enough before the outbreak of the war, the critical starvation in Leningrad thus happened from the first winter after this military conflict.
This thesis aims at examining citizens’ living conditions under the circumstances of the besiege and the suffering of starvation by referring to the diary written by Elena Mukhina. For instance, what changes had been made to Elena and other residents after the besiege of the city began?
Also, combining with other historical data and information, several questions will be investigated. Firstly, what were the consequences to both Elena and other people who were at the lower social-economic status brought by the problem of famine? Did the governmental authorities provide any essential help?
Secondly, the distribution of food during the period of World War II was through the rationing system in most of the countries in the world, however, why Leningrad was the only city facing the severe famine problem with the highest death toll compared to other states? Lastly, was there any disease or psychological trauma gotten by people after experiencing the issue of starvation for a long period of time? As people belonged to the lower social-economic status were not able to leave Leningrad, what were their spiritual supports?
Collectively, the thesis will analyze the difference between the experiences that Elena faced and the claims made by the Soviet Union about “hero”, “brave”, and “patriotism” through the angles of starvation, diseases, and the conditions of living.

關鍵字(中)

★ 列寧格勒圍城戰
★ 《蓮娜・穆希娜日記》
★ 食物配給
★ 饑餓
★ 疾病
★ 生存

關鍵字(英)

★ Siege of Leningrad
★ “Diary of Elena Mukhina”
★ food ration
★ hunger
★ disease
★ survival

論文目次

目錄

緒論 .................................................................................................................1
第一章打破平靜：列寧格勒圍城前的生活變動...............................................17
第一節列寧格勒圍城背景...............................................................................17
第二節貧窮與勵志：戰前蓮娜的日常生活...................................................22
第三節戰爭動員與空襲：戰爭之初的日常變化...........................................27

第二章匱乏與饑餓：圍城期間配給失衡與饑荒爆發.......................................33
第一節淘汰弱者：不平等的食物配給...........................................................33
第二節困苦與絕望：饑荒下的飲食與生活...................................................38
第三節列寧格勒饑荒的成因探討...................................................................48

第三章虛弱與病痛：圍城時期的疾病與醫療...................................................51
第一節營養不良...............................................................................................51
第二節饑餓引發的疾病...................................................................................56
第三節圍城內的醫療與救治...........................................................................58

第四章絕境逢生：圍城時期女性的生存策略...................................................63
第一節人際關係...............................................................................................64
第二節替代食物...............................................................................................70
第三節生存意志 .............................................................................................78
結論.......................................................................................................................85
參考書目 .............................................................................................................89

圖錄
圖 1. 列寧格勒地圖................................................................................................18 圖 2. 一名列寧格勒的女人正用雪橇拉著因飢餓而虛弱的男人...........................………37
圖 3. 冬天用雪橇將餓死者帶到「10 月 25 日大道」.............………….................………38
圖 4. 1941 年 9 月 10 日主任抱著寵物於避難所躲避空襲..........................................71

表錄
表 1. 列寧格勒每日麵包配給..................................................................................36
表 2. 耶誕盛宴食物..................................................................................................43 表 3. 美國租借法案對蘇聯援助..............................................................................47

參考文獻

參考書目
一、史料

法蘭克・安妮（Frank Anne）著，呂玉嬋譯，《安妮日記》，臺北：皇冠出版社， 2013年。
聖彼得堡中央國家檔案館膠捲和照片文檔檔案（TsGAKFFD SPb）
蓮娜・穆希娜（Lena Mukhina）著，江杰翰譯，《留下我悲傷的故事：蓮娜・穆希娜圍城日記》，臺北：網路與書股份有限公司，2014年。

Cynthia Simmons, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries Memoirs and Documentary Prose (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003).
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System
Leningradskaia Pravda《列寧格勒真理報》（1941年）。
Lidiya Ginzburg, Notes From the Blockade (online: Vintage Digital; Annotated edition, 2011).
Roy D. Laird, Betty A. Laird, A Soviet lexicon: important concepts, terms, and 　　　　　　phrases (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1988).
Viktor Andreevich Kravchenko, I chose freedom: the personal and political life of a Soviet official (New York: C. Scribner’s sons, 1946).

Мухина Лена, Блокадный дневник Лены Мухиной, Санкт-Петербург: издательство Азбука, 2011.

二、專書

（一）中文

大衛・葛蘭茨（David Glantz）著，于倉和譯，《列寧格勒戰役：史上最慘烈的圍城戰》，臺北：風格司藝術創作坊，2009年。
文浩，《饑荒政治：毛時代中國與蘇聯的比較研究》，香港：香港中文大學出版社，2017年。
西爾維・布呂內爾（Sylvie Brunel）著，王吉會譯，《饑荒與政治》，北京: 社會科學文獻出版社，2010年。
李丹柯，《女性、戰爭與回憶：三十五名重慶婦女的抗戰生活》，香港：香港中文大學出版社，2013年。
周雪舫，《俄羅斯史——謎樣的國度》，臺北：三民書局，2003年。
強納森．邁爾斯（Jonathan Miles）著，楊芩雯譯，《聖彼得堡 : 權力和慾望交織、殘暴與屠殺橫行的三百年史》，臺北：馬可孛羅文化事業股份有限公司，2019年。
莉琪・科林漢（Lizzie Collingham）著，張馨方譯，《戰爭的滋味：為食物而戰，重整國際秩序的第二次世界大戰》，臺北：麥田出版社，2021年。
蔣竹山編，《當代歷史學新趨勢》，臺北：聯經出版事業股份有限公司， 2019年。

（二）英文

Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, trans. Hilda Perham (Moscow: Raduga, 1983).
Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, Leningrad Under Siege: First-Hand Accounts of the Ordeal (S Yorkshire:Pen and Sword Military, 2007).
Alexander Werth, Leningrad (New York : A.A. Knopf, 1944).
Alexis Peri, The War Within: Diaries from the Siege of Leningrad (Harvard University Press, 2017).
Alf, Lüdtke ed., trans by William Templer, The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life (Princeton: Princeton University, 1995).
Bidlack and Lomagin, The Leningrad Blockade, 1941–44: A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).
Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s war: life and death in the Red Army, 1939-1945 (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006).
Catherine Merridale, Ivan′s war : the Red Army 1939-1945 (London: Faber, 2005).
David M. Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, 1941-1944 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002).
David M. Glantz, The Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1944:900 Days of Terror (Osceola:WI:MBI, 2001).
Elena Osokina, edited by Kate Transchel, Our daily bread：socialist distribution and the art of survival in Stalin’s Russia 1927-1941 (Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 2001).
Eric Leed, No Man′s Land: Combat and Identity in World War 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
George C Herring, Aid to Russia, 1941-1946 : strategy, diplomacy, the origins of the cold war (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973).
Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2003).
Irina Paperno, Stories of the Soviet experience: memoirs, diaries, dreams (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009).
J. Barber, A. Dzeniskevich, ed., Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941-1944 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
Jeffrey K. Hass, Wartime Suffering and Survival: The Human Condition under Siege in the Blockade of Leningrad, 1941-1944 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).
Kate Transchel, Elena Osokina, Our Daily Bread: Socialist Distribution and the Art of Survival in Stalin′s Russia, 1927-1941 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Shape 2001).
Leon Goure, The Siege of Leningrad (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962).
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The legacy of the siege of Leningrad, 1941-1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
M. T. Anderson, Symphony for the City of the Dead: Dmitri Shostakovich and the Siege of Leningrad (Somerville: Candlewick Press, 2015).
Margaret Randolph Higonnet, Behind the lines : gender and the two world wars (New Haven : Yale university press, 1987).
Mary McAuley, Remembering Leningrad: The Story of a Generation (Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2019).
Maurine Weiner Greenwald, Women, war and work: the impact of World War 1 on women workers in the United States(Westport Conn: Greenwood Press, 1980).
Michael Jones, Leningrad: State of Siege (London:John Murray, 2009).
Michael Jones, Leningrad: State of Siege (New York: Basic Books, 2008).
Nancy M. Wingfield and Maria Bucur, Gender and war in twentieth-centry eastern Europe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006).
Reid, Anna, Leningrad: tragedy of a city under Siege, 1941-44 (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011).
Richard Bidlack, The Leningrad blockade, 1941–1944, A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012).
William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

三、論文

（一）中文

王東傑，〈一個女學生日記中的情感世界（1931-1934）〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第 15 期，2007 年，頁211〜254。
皮國立，〈民國時期的中國醫學史教科書與醫史教育〉，《近代中國的知識生產與文化政治》，上海：復旦大學出版社，2014年，頁40〜66。
皮國立，〈抗戰前蔣介石的日常醫療經驗與衛生觀〉，《蔣介石的日常生活》，臺北：政大人文中心，2012年，頁381-752。
皮國立，〈國共內戰時期的化學戰（1946〜1949）〉，《國軍與現代中國》，臺北：國史館、中正紀念堂，2015年，頁271〜301。
皮國立，〈當｢營養｣成商品〜維他命在近代中國（1920〜1931）〉，《1920年代的中國》，臺北：政治大學人文中心，2018年，頁345〜371。
巫仁恕，〈劫後婦女：抗戰時期蘇州淪陷後的婦女生活〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第 35 期，2020 年，頁1〜65。
柯佳昕，〈抗戰時期中國家庭的情感及日常生活（1937〜1945）〉，國立清華大學歷史研究所博士論文，2018年。
洪郁如，〈戰爭記憶與殖民地經驗：開原綠的臺灣日記〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第 24 期，2014 年，頁47〜82。
許秀孟，〈匱乏的治理：太平洋戰爭期間上海的食物配給與日常生活〉，國立臺灣大學歷史學研究所博士論文，2020年。
許雪姬，〈介於傳統與現代之間的女性日記—由陳岺、楊水心日記談起〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第16 期，2008 年，頁227〜250。
許雪姬，〈序二〉，收入許雪姬主編，《日記與臺灣史研究 : 林獻堂先生逝世 50週年紀念論文集（上）》，臺北:中央研究院臺灣史研究所，2008年，頁iii〜vii。
連玲玲，〈典範抑或危機？「日常生活」在中國近代史研究的應用及其問題〉，《新史學》，第 17卷第4期，2006年，頁255〜281。
連玲玲，〈從自我書寫到公眾展演：艾佩琪（Peggy Abkhazi）的戰時日記〉，《中央研究院近代史研究所集刊》，第86期，2014年，頁49〜93。
游鑑明，〈處處無家處處家：中國知識女性的烽火歲月〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第23期，2014年，頁1〜63。
黃立茀，〈當代俄羅斯史學的新領域——蘇維埃日常生活史研究〉，《史學史研究》，第 3 期，2008年，頁74〜78。
楊佳嫻，〈成為（女）兵：謝冰瑩的軍旅書寫〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第 30 期，2017 年，頁123〜166。
潘以紅，〈戰爭從來不只是男人的事業：解讀新四軍女兵回憶錄〉，《近代中國婦女史研究》，第 24 期，2014 年，頁83〜131。
蔣竹山，〈文化轉向與全球視野：近代臺灣醫療史研究的再思考〉，《漢學研究通訊》，第4期，2017年，頁14〜25。

（二）英文

Alf Lüdtke, “Introduction: What is the History of Everyday Life and Who are its Practitioners?” in Alf Lüdtke ed., William Templer trans., The History of Everyday Life: Reconstructing Historical Experiences and Ways of Life (Princeton: Princeton University, 1995), pp. 3-40.
Brad S. Gregory, “Is Small Beautiful? Microhistory and the History of Everyday Life," History and Theory, Vol. 38, No.1 (February 1999), pp. 100-110.
Carlo Ginzburg, “Microhistory: Two or Three Things That I Know about It,” Critical Inquiry, Vol. 20, No.1 (Autumn 1993), pp. 10-35
Emily Van Buskirk, Recovering the Past for the Future: Guilt, Memory, and Lidiia Ginzburg′s Notes of a Blockade Person, Slavic Review, Vol. 69, No. 2 (summer 2010), pp. 281-305.
H. E. Magee, “Some effect of inanition and their treatment”, Proceedings of the Nutritional Society, 3 (1945), pp. 53-57.
Irina Sandomirskaia, A Politeia in Besiegement: Lidiia Ginzburg on the Siege of Leningrad as a Political Paradigm, Slavic Review, Vol. 69, No. 2 (summer 2010), pp. 306-326.
James Clapperton, The Siege of Leningrad as Sacred Narrative: Conversations with Survivors, Oral History , Vol. 35, No. 1, War and Masculinities (Spring 2007), pp. 49-60.
Jennifer Sinor, Reading the Ordinary Diary, Rhetoric Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (2002), pp. 123-149.
John Erickson, “Soviet Women at War”, In World War 2 and the Soviet People, edited by John Garrard and Carol Garrard, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), pp. 50-76.
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, "Our City, Our Hearths, Our Families": Local Loyalties and Private Life in Soviet World War II Propaganda, Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 4 (2000), pp. 825-847.
Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, “The Alienated Body”: gender identity and memory of the siege of Leningrad, In Gender and World War in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe, edited by Maria Bucur and Nancy Wingfield, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), pp. 220-234.
Massimo Livi-Bacci, On the Human Costs of Collectivization in the Soviet Union, Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec., 1993), pp. 743-766.
Pär Sparén, Denny Vågerö, Dmitri B Shestov, Svetlana Plavinskaja, Nina Parfenova, Valeri Hoptiar, Dominique Paturot and Maria Rosaria Galanti, Long term mortality after severe starvation during the siege of Leningrad: prospective cohort study, British Medical Journal , Vol. 328, No. 7430 (3 January 2004), pp. 11-14.
Patricia Meyer Spacks and Bruce Redford, How to Read a Diary, Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Summer 2003), pp. 45-62.
Polina Barskova, The Spectacle of the Besieged City: Repurposing Cultural Memory in Leningrad, 1941–1944, Slavic Review, Vol. 69, No. 2 (summer 2010), pp. 327-355.
Richard Bidlack, “Historical Background to the Siege of Leningrad”, foreword to Simmons and Perlina, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries Memoirs and Documentary Prose (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003), pp. ix-xxvi.
Richard Bidlack, “Propaganda and Public Opinion” in The Soviet Union at War, 1941–1945, ed. David R. Stone (Barnsley, UK: Military Pen and Sword, 2010), pp. 45-68.
Richard Bidlack, “Survival Strategies in Leningrad” in The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, ed. Robert W. Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch ,(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000) , pp. 84-107.
Robert Dirks, Social Responses During Severe Food Shortages and Famine, Current Anthropology, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Feb., 1980), pp. 21-24.
Roger Munting, Lend-Lease and the Soviet War Effort, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Jul., 1984), pp. 500-501.
Stephanie Steiner, “The Food Distribution System during the Siege of Leningrad” (M.A. thesis, San Jose State University, 1993).

四、網路資料

〈列寧格勒圍城戰猶太倖存者德國同意向支付終生賠償〉，《自由時報》，2021年10月6日。https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/3695470（2021年10月25日檢索）

指導教授

蔣竹山

審核日期

2021-10-26

推文