| 摘要(英) |
The air transport industry is a highly regulated business. However, following the European and American Open Skies Agreement, the global air transport market is gradually moving towards a wave of development of liberalization, regional marketization, and transnational alliances. Based on economic factors, the air transportation industry often strengthens or consolidates its market position in the increasingly competitive aviation competition market through strategic alliances or signing various joint venture agreements. Therefore, the cooperation between airlines has gradually shifted from the traditional shared resources of a single route to a strategic alliance. Only through mutual cooperation and strategic alliance can mutual benefit and win-win be achieved.
However, due to the cooperation form of the aviation strategic alliance, it involves the combination of fair trade law, joint behavior and the control of exception permission, and the three traditional aviation alliances in the world—Star Alliance, SkyTeam, and Oneworld ), and two low-cost airline alliances—Value Alliance and U-Fly Alliance, which not only integrate and provide global or regional aviation networks, but also strengthen international connections, share maintenance facilities, operating equipment, The staff support each other for ground handling and transport catering operations to reduce costs, so that passengers can enjoy many benefits such as buying tickets at lower prices and more flexible flight times. However, while the airline alliance brings economic benefits, it is also due to the increasingly extensive and integrated cooperation projects of the alliance. The increasing degree has gradually transformed the competition between the traditional individual air transport businesses into the competition between alliances. The members of the alliance lack incentives to compete because of common benefits, which makes the relevant operating behaviors of the aviation alliances easy to produce anti-competitive effects. And there are doubts about detracting from fair competition in the air transport service market and harming consumer rights. In addition, it is worth thinking about how the cooperative form of aviation strategic alliance should evaluate its influence on the degree of market competition in terms of behavior control, and whether the cooperative behavior can be categorized.
Therefore, this article mainly cuts in from the viewpoint of the integration of competition law and joint behavior control, through the observation of the European and American air transport industry policies and competition policies, as well as the observation of the form of cooperation between the international air transport industry and aviation strategic alliances, and through Europe and the United States. And my country’s past practical experience in handling aviation strategic alliances to systematically analyze and collate foreign law comparative studies and case studies to evaluate the control measures that competition law enforcement agencies should take with respect to aviation strategic alliances’ operating behaviors, and finally propose Suggestions on competition regulations for the strategic alliance of my country′s air transportation industry. |
| 參考文獻 |
壹、中文文獻（依作者姓名筆畫排序）
一、專書及專書論文
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交通部民用航空局，2019年年報(2020)。
交通部民用航空局，中華民國108年民航統計年報(2020)。
交通部民用航空局，航空運輸專論(2012)。
朱柔若譯，W. Lawrence Neuman著，社會研究方法——質化與量化取向，揚智出版社(2000)。
吳秀明，競爭法研究，初版，元照出版(2010)。
吳秀明，「聯合行為理論與實務之回顧與展望」，競爭法制之發軔與展開，元照出版(2004)。
柯芳枝，公司法，三民書局(1993)。
張有恆，航空運輸學，4版，華泰文化(2018)。
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張哲銘，航空運輸管理概論，揚智出版社(2013)。
張懿云、賈凱傑、陳麗娟，「交通運輸產業之競爭規範」，第13屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集(2005)。
廖義男，公平交易法之釋論與實務，元照出版(2015)。
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二、期刊論文
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三、學位論文
甘國秀，從法律經濟分析論民用航空運輸事業結合聯合行為豁免之必要性及其結果，東吳大學法律學研究所碩士論文(2011)。
李欣怡，水平結合行為與聯合行為許可案之比較，世新大學法學院碩士論文(2014)。
候文賢，我國公平交易法對於結合管制之研究—兼論中國反壟斷法之管制規範，中國文化大學法律學研究所碩士論文(2019)。
許馨文，歐洲聯盟競爭法架構下航空公司策略聯盟之研究，淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文(2011)。
梁文龍，航空公司選擇聯盟之決策模式，國立交通大學管理學院運輸物流學程碩士論文(2011)。
黃詩茵，歐洲聯盟競爭法律規範適用之研究—以歐盟航空公司合併為例，國立臺灣大學國家發展研究所碩士論文(2015)。
黃詩茵，全球化角度檢視歐洲航空公司競爭策略，淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文(2014)。
蔡宜兼，國內民用航空運輸業之聯合行為—從公平交易法角度探討，國立政治大學法律學系碩士論文(2006)。
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四、政府研究報告
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石世豪，「各國競爭法對於域外結合案件審查處理方式之研究」，公平交易委員會109年委託研究報告7(2020)。
郭安琪、張心怡、陳瑾儀、沈立委、詹麗玲、林學良、方彥修，「公平交易法對於航空公司策略聯盟之研究」，公平交易委員會103年研究發展報告(2014)。
陳志民，「管制型產業行為在競爭法上抗辯之研究」，公平交易委員會101年委託研究報告1(2012)。
張懿云、賈凱傑、陳麗娟、賴嘵君，「交通運輸產業之競爭規範」，行政院公平交易委員會94年委託研究報告一(2005)。
黃師楷，參加國際航空運輸協會航空法規課程出國報告，交通部民用航空局(2016)。
葉佳魁、倪嘉駿，航空產業基礎訓練課程出國報告書，交通部民用航空局(2018)。
魏杏芳，「歐洲共同體體制下之『合資』暨其管制方法」，公平交易委員會90年委託研究報告(2001)。
蘇永欽、單驥、何之邁、洪禮卿、范建得、陳丁章，「公平法第四十六條修正後之適用問題研究」，行政院公平交易員會八十九年度合作研究報告十二(2000)。
五、行政法院判決及公平會解釋令、處分書、許可決定書
公平會2016年3月1日公法字第10515600941號令。
公平會2016年4月22日公處字第105034號處分書。
公平會2008年6月26日公處字第 097084號處分書。
公平會2007年4月26日公聯字第096003號許可決定書。
最高行政法院2014年度判字第294號判決。
六、網路資料
工商時報，「國泰航收購香港快運 公平會通過結合案」，https://ctee.com.tw/news/china/116252.html。
中華民國外交部網站，國際民航組織(ICAO)簡介，https://www.mofa.gov.tw/igo/cp.aspx?n=3DE11E74CBD6C44E。
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美國航空簡介，https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA, last visited on date:2021/4/25.
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乾租，https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%A7%9F。
價值聯盟網站，https://www.valuealliance.com/#/about。
濕租，https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E7%A7%9F。
優行聯盟簡介，https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-hant/%E5%84%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F#/overview。
謝長江，「國泰航空收購快運航空進軍低成本航空市場」，公平交易員會電子報，第134期(2019)，https://www.ftc.gov.tw/upload/1081106-2.pdf。
貳、 外文文獻（依英文字母排序）
一、書籍及期刊論文
A report by the European Commission and the United States Department of Transportation,“Transatlantic Airline Alliances: Competitive Issues And Regulatory Approaches,” (2010).
Dawna L. Rhoades and Heather Lush, “A typology of strategic alliance in the airline industry: Propostions for stability and duration,” 3 Journal of Air Transport, 109-114 (1997).
Goh, Jeffrey, European Air Transport Law and Cmpteition (Eurporean Law), Jonh Wiley & Sons (1997).
Klophaus et al., “Low cost carriers going hybrid: Evidence from Europe,” 23 Journal of Air Transport Management, 54-58 (2012).
Michael Whitaker, “Competition in the Airline Industry After September 11, 2001,”14 DePaul Business Law Journal, 319-332 (2002).
OECD, Airline Competition—Background Paper by the Secretariat, DAF/COMP(2014)14, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Competition Committee, 1-61 (2014).
OECD,“Deregulation and Airline Competition,”Paris (1988).
Oum, T.H. & Park, T.H., “Airline Alliance: Current Status Policy Issues, and Future Direction,” 3 Journal of Air Transport Management ,133-144 (1997).
Paul Stephen Dempsey, “Transportaion: A Legal History,” 30 Transportaion Law Journal, 235-366 (2003).
Public Version Comments of the Department of Justice on the Show Cause Order: Joing Application of Air Canada, et al, Docket OST-2008-0234 (2009).
Terence Fan, Laurence Vigeant-Langlois, Christine Geissler, Björn Bosler, Jan Wilmking, “Evolution of global airline strategic alliance and consolidation in the twenty-first century,” 7(6) Journal of Air Transport Management, 349-360 (2001).
William Gillespie, Oliver M. Richard,“Antitrust Immunity and International Airline Alliances,” U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division (2011).
W. Robert Hand, “Continental Joins the (All)star alliance: Antitrust Concerns with Airline Alliances and Open-Skies Treaties,” 33 Hous.J. InL L (2011).
二、歐美行政決定及報告
DOT, Docket DOT-OST-2007-28644(Show Cause Order), Order 2008-4-17 (2008).
DOT, Docket DOT-OST-2013-0068, Final Order (2013).
DOT, Docket OST-2008-0234, Final Order (2009).
EC Decision, Case COMP/39.596–BA/AA/IB (2010).
EU/DOT, “Alliance Report,” (2010).
European Commission, Case Comp/AT.39595-Continental/United/Lufthansa/Air Canada (2013).
European Commission, Case No COMP/M.3280 - Air France / KLM , Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 Merger Procedure (2004).
U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission,“Horizontal Merger Guidelines,”(2010).
U.S. Department of Transportation Office of the Secretary, International Aviation Developments, Second Report, “TransAtlantic Deregulation–The Alliance Network Effect,”(2000).
WTO,“Airline Business,”(2000).
三、網路資源
American Airlines gets court approval for merger, https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2013/0328/378755-american-airlines-merger/.
Alaska , ”Alaska Air Group to Acquire Virgin America, Creating West Coast′s Premier Carrier,” https://investor.alaskaair.com/news-releases/news-release-details/alaska-air-group-acquire-virgin-america-creating-west-coasts.
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CPI, “EU: Comm halts investigation into Brussels Airlines and TAP codeshare agreement,”(2018), https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/eu-comm-halts-investigation-into-brussels-airlines-and-tap-codeshare-agreement/.
Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation), https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2004/139/oj .
Docket DOT-OST-2018-0030, 16-18 (2019), https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/dot4219.
DOJ, “Justice Department Files Antitrust Lawsuit Challenging Proposed Merger Between US Airways and American Airlines,”(2013), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-files-antitrust-lawsuit-challenging-proposed-merger-between-us-airways-and.
DOJ, “Justice Department Requires US Airways and American Airlines to Divest Facilities at Seven Key Airports to Enhance System-wide Competition and Settle Merger Challenge,”(2013), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-requires-us-airways-and-american-airlines-divest-facilities-seven-key.
DOJ, Comments of the Department of Justice on the Show Cause Order: Joint Application of Air Canada, et al, Docket OST-2008-0234, (2008), https://www.justice.gov/atr/comments-department-justice-show-cause-order-joint-application-air-canada-et-al.
DOJ, “Public Version Comments of the Department of Justice,” OST-2008-0252, (2009), https://www.justice.gov./sites/default/files/atr/legacy/2009/12/30/253575.pdf.
DOJ, ”Justice Department Requires Alaska Airlines to Significantly Scale Back Codeshare Agreement with American Airlines in Order to Proceed with Virgin America Acquisition,” (2016), https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-requires-alaska-airlines-significantly-scale-back-codeshare-agreement.
DOT,“Airline Alliances Operating With Active Antitrust Immunity,” https://www.transportation.gov/office-policy/aviation-policy/airline-alliances-operating-active-antitrust-immunity.
DOT,“The Role of DOT in the Review of the Proposed American Airlines / US Airways Merger,” https://www.transportation.gov/testimony/role-dot-review-proposed-american-airlines-us-airways-merger.
DOT, “U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine L. Chao Announces Department of Transportation Grants Antitrust Immunity for Delta-Air France-KLM-Virgin Atlantic Joint Venture,” https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/us-transportation-secretary-elaine-l-chao-announces-department-transportation-grantshttps://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/us-transportation-secretary-elaine-l-chao-announces-department-transportation-grants.
DOT,“Airline Alliances Operating With Active Antitrust Immunity,” https://www.transportation.gov/office-policy/aviation-policy/airline-alliances-operating-active-antitrust-immunity.
DOT, OST-2008-0252, Final Order, 1 (2010), https://www.regulations.gov/document/DOT-OST-2008-0252-3456.
Daniel Michaels, “Air France-KLM, Delta Form Trans-Atlantic Joint Venture,” https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124280329453438555.
Docket DOT-OST-2018-0030, 16-18 (2019), https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/dot4219.
European Parliament ,“Air transport: Single EuropeanSky,”https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/133/air-transport-single-european-sky.
EC,“Horizontal cooperation agreements,”https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/horizontal.html.
EC,“Guidelines on horizontal cooperation agreements,” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=URISERV:l26062&from=EN.
EC,“Commission clears merger between Air France and KLM subject to conditions, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_04_194.
EC, MEMO/ 09/430, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_09_430.
EC, “Antitrust: British Airways, American Airlines and Iberia Commitments to ensure competition on transatlantic passenger air transport markets made legally binding,” https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_10_936.
EC, “Case Comp/F-1/39.596 - BA/AA/IB Commitments to the European Commission,” https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/39596/39596_3882_2.pdf.
EU, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-3563_en.htm.
EU-US Aviation Relations, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/international-aviation-united-states_en.
International Air Transport Agreement, Signed at Chicago, on 7 DEC., 1944, http://library.arcticportal.org/1584/1/international_air_transport_agreement_chicago1944c.pdf.
IATA Members, https://www.iata.org/en/about/members/.
Justi Hayward, “Airline Alliances Vs Joint Ventures – What’s The Difference?” (2021), https://simpleflying.com/airline-alliances-vs-joint-ventures/.
John Tagliabue,“Air France and KLM to Merge, Europe’s No.1 Airline,“(2003), https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/01/business/air-france-and-klm-to-merge-europe-s-no-1-airline.html.
Mark Caswell, “Virgin, Delta, Air France and KLM launch expanded joint venture,”https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/02/03/virgin-delta-air-france-and-klm-launch-expanded-joint-venture/.
Oneworld, http://www.oneworld.com/news-information/oneworld-fact-sheets/oneworld-at-a-glance/.
SkyTeam, http://www.skyteam.com/en/About-us/Press/Facts-and-Figures/.
Star Alliance, http://www.staralliance.com/en/about/member_airlines/.
SAS And Lufthansa Change Form of Cooperation, https://www.sasgroup.net/newsroom/press-releases/2013/sas-and-lufthansa-change-form-of-cooperation/.
The founding of IATA, https://www.iata.org/about/Pages/history.aspx.
U.S.-EU Air Transport Agreement of April 30, 2007, https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ata/e/eu/114768.htm. |
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