折射震測法之盲層P波與水平層界不確定性分析

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林棠雯(Danastri Lintang Pitaloka Tampubolon) 查詢紙本館藏

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應用地質研究所

論文名稱

折射震測法之盲層P波與水平層界不確定性分析
(Uncertainty Estimation of P Wave Velocity and Layer Boundaries Using Seismic Refraction with Synthetic Horizontal Layered Geological Models Including a Blind Layer)

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摘要(中)

大地工程的可靠性與不確定性有關。降低不確定性將提高可靠性和降低風險。此外，評估折射震測法之處理過程是減少不確定性的基礎。折射震測法中的人為誤差是該方法中與不確定性相關的重要問題之一。本研究目的為減少折射震測法的不確定性。折射震測法需要兩個步驟來利用P 波波速的不同決定層與層之間的邊界。即根據時距曲線 (T-D 曲線) 選取初達波並將具有相同波速的資料合為一層。本研究利用了兩種合成地質模型的正演模擬結果，給出了各層的邊界和各層的 P 波速度。第一個模型由五層組成，速度隨深度增加（從上到下為Vp = 700 m/s、1100 m/s、1500 m/s、1800 m/s和2200 m/s），而第二個模型由六層組成，其中有一個盲層（Vp = 1000 m/s、1500 m/s、1700 m/s、1400 m/s、1800 m/s 和 2200 m/s）。根據七位操作員的挑選初達波結果，我們發現不管模型一和模型二，第一層具有高度的不確定性(模型一：11.2%，模型二：13.7%)。層跟層間的邊界的高不確定性及P波速度的低精確度也認為是在挑選初達坡過程中的人為誤差影響。在將相同波速資料合為一層的處理上，模型一第一層P波速度的不確定性較高（11.8%），而模型二的P波速度值精確度較低。盲層放大了不確定性，降低了精確度。從不同的初達波挑選結果，折射震測層析成像只能得到較淺層的資料。此外，與初達波挑選和分層處理相比，折射震測層析成像的不確定性較小。地層厚度數據有效降低了不確定性（7.1%），且P 波速度可以降低不確定性至1.7%(模型一)和3.5%(模型二)。地層厚度資料和波速資料有效地降低了分層處理的不確定性。然而，初達波挑選的不確定性仍然存在。此研究得到的地質模型可能與真實模型有很大的偏差。

摘要(英)

Reliability in geotechnical engineering is related to uncertainty. Decreasing uncertainty will affect increasing reliability and low risk. Moreover, evaluating the seismic refraction method is fundamental to reducing uncertainty. Human error in seismic refraction is one of the important issues related to uncertainty in this method. The main research purpose is to evaluate seismic refraction and reduce uncertainty in seismic refraction. Two steps are essential for seismic refraction to determine the boundaries of different layers with different P wave velocity (Vp), picking first arrival data and grouping data into a unified layer with identical wave velocity based on the time-distance curve (T-D curve). This study utilized the forward modeling results of two synthetic geological models. The boundaries of layers (gently dip straight line) and the P wave velocity of each layer was given. The first model is made up of five layers, with velocity increasing with depth (Vp = 700 m/s, 1100 m/s, 1500 m/s, 1800 m/s, and 2200 m/s from top to bottom), while the second model is made up of six layers with a blind layer (Vp = 1000 m/s, 1500 m/s, 1700 m/s, 1400 m/s, 1800 m/s, and 2200 m/s). According to the pick results of seven operators, we discovered high uncertainty (11.2 %) in the first layer for Model 1 and (13.7%) for Model 2. High uncertainty in the boundary layer and low precision of the P wave velocity on Model 2 was also founded on human error in the first arrival picking processing. On the Grouping layer processing, high uncertainty of P wave velocity in the first layer (11.8 %) on the Model 1. However, low accuracy of the P wave velocity value on Model 2. The blind layer amplifies uncertainty and decreases accuracy. Based on different first arrival picking, Seismic refraction tomography will have the narrow zone of the boundary data. Moreover, the uncertainty of seismic refraction tomography is small compared with first arrival picking and grouping layer processing. Thickness data effectively reduces uncertainty (7.1%), and P wave velocity data can reduce uncertainty until (1.7 %) on Model 1 and (3.5 %) on Model 2. Thickness data and velocity data effectively reduce uncertainty in grouping layer processing. However, uncertainty from first arrival picking still exists. The analyzed geological model could have deviated significantly from the true model.

關鍵字(中)

★ 折射震測
★ 時距曲線
★ 不確定性
★ 合成案例
★ 正演模擬

關鍵字(英)

★ Seismic refraction
★ Time-distance curve
★ Uncertainty
★ Synthetic case
★ Forward modeling

論文目次

ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF NOTATIONS xvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
1. 1. Motivation 1
1. 2. The objective of this study 6
1. 3. Organization of the thesis 7
CHAPTER II. METHODOLOGY 8
2.1. Forward Modeling 10
2.2. Synthetics Geological Model 11
2.3. Limitation in seismic refraction method 12
2.4. Identification Value Velocity P wave 13
2.5. Qualification of Operator 14
2.6. Frist Arrival Picking 19
2.7. Grouping Layer Processing 22
2.8. Counting Geometry of Layers 24
2.9. Seismic Refraction Tomography 25
2.10. Analysis Quantitative Uncertainty 26
2.11. Thickness data and P wave velocity data 28
2.12. Software Introduction 32
CHAPTER III. DATA 36
3.1. Forward Modeling Result of Model 1 and Model 2 36
3.2. First Arrival Picking from 7 operators 37
3.3. Quantitative uncertainty First Arrival Picking Processing 40
3.4. Quantitative uncertainty on grouping layer processing 45
3.5. Seismic Refraction Tomography 50
3.6. P Wave Velocity Data and Boundary Thickness Data 52
3.7. P wave velocity and Thickness boundary of 12 operators 58
CHAPTER IV. RESULT AND DISSCUSION 64
4.1. The Analysis of Frist Arrival Picking 64
4.2. Analysis of Grouping Layer Processing 65
4.3. Influence Blind Layer in Seismic Refraction 66
4.4. Influence the number of shot points in synthetic geological models 68
4.5. Influence the number of operators with the uncertainty on P wave velocity and thickness boundary 70
4.6. Analysis Seismic Refraction Tomography from 7 operators 73
4.7. Influence of thickness boundary data and P wave velocity data in processing seismic refraction 76
4.6.1. Thickness Data 76
4.6.2. P wave Velocity Data 77
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION 80
Conclusions 80
APPENDIX 86
Appendix A. Calculation of Synthetic Geological Modeling in Model 1 86
Appendix B. The Calculation of Synthetic Geological Modeling Model 2 91
Appendix C. Calculation of the influence of Thickness boundary data and P wave velocity data to reduce uncertainty in Time- Distance curve 96
Appendix D. Calculation of the improvement of shot number 122
Appendix E. Seismic Refraction Tomography Processing 130
Appendix F. Quantitative analysis from 12 operators 131

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指導教授

董家鈞涂家輝(Jia-Jyun Dong Chia- Huei Tu)

審核日期

2022-1-24

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