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姓名	柯凱鈞(Kai-Jun Ke)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	太空科學與工程研究所
論文名稱	新中壢電離層探測儀系統特性與實高分析－演算法與資料比對 (New Chung-Li Ionosonde System Description and True Height Analysis － Algorithm and Data Comparison)
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摘要(中)	目前新中壢電離層觀測儀系統(Ionosonde) 於2020年開始執行運作，由太空科學與工程研究所特高頻雷達站團隊與澳洲Genesis公司共同開發研製。系統硬體設備部分，發射機採用脈波方式發射2至30MHz，頻率間距為50kHz時，共計561組頻段，其觀測距離為70至1214.32公里，距離解析度為3.84公里，整體掃頻時間約294.13秒，且使用16位元互補碼以增強回波訊號之訊雜比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio)。發射與接收天線採用倒V型設計，且利用GPS時間同步實現雙基雷達觀測(bistatic radar)，而發射機部分則利用8組諧波濾波(harmonic filter) 方式發射訊號，接收機部分則用8組帶通濾波器(band-pass filter)接收2至30MHz訊號。 本研究主要為開發電離圖參數判讀演算法，包含雜訊與訊號干擾處理、訊號辨識、機器學習、電子密度反演、實高分析與參數回歸分析等。因訊號僅由單一通道接收，經電離圖訊號處理後的正常波(O-wave)與異常波(X-wave)訊號，僅提供回波強度資訊，因此本研究首次提出二維自相關函數法(2DACF)利用影像處理方式將兩極化波成功辨識並分開，且在電離層參數與電子密度反演時也利用國際電離層參考模型(IRI)與考慮E、F1、F2層與E-F谷區的類拋物線模型(MQP-VDW)，最後利用逐步線性回歸分析模型對電離層參數調整，最後取得最佳電離層參數。資料分析主要比較演算法自動判讀結果與人工判讀結果，發現foF2 與h’F2參數比較結果良好，其中平均誤差0.84%與1.82%，標準差約8.19%與4.78%。另外福爾摩沙衛星七號掩星技術(Radio Occultation)資料包含foF2與hmF2也進行參數比對，根據掩星資料與測站距離遠近(5°至2°)，其結果顯示foF2相關係數約0.88至0.93，平均誤差約−0.43至−0.26 MHz，標準偏差約0.73至1.06 MHz；hmF2相關係數約0.68至0.75，平均誤差約−8.18至−5.63 km，標準偏差約23.38至29.14 km。
摘要(英)	In spite of being interrupted several times in its long history of operation since 1950, the routine observation of the ionosphere with various ionosondes installed at the Chung-Li ionosphere station in Taiwan has been achieved successively for more than seven decades. In this study, the system characteristics of the latest Chung-Li ionosonde and algorithm developed by National Central University for ionogram scaling and true height analysis, which started to routinely operate in 2020, are introduced. The new Chung-Li ionosonde is a pulse radar that transmits a train of short pulses with respective carrier frequencies between 2 and 30 MHz at a frequency separation of 50 kHz. The duration of an entire frequency sweep is 294.13 s, which is divided into 561 frequency channels. The 16-bit complementary code is employed to increase the signal-to-noise of the reflected echoes. The observational range is from 70 to 1221 km with a range resolution of 3.84 km. We developed an algorithm for the Chung-Li ionosonde to automatically scale the ionogram such that the true height profile of the ionospheric electron density can be retrieved. The observed traces of the ordinary wave (O-wave) and extraordinary wave (X-wave) displayed on the ionogram were first identified and separated by using 2-dimensional autocorrelation analysis combined with the image projection method. The true height analysis used stepwise regression. With the help of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model and Multiple Quasi-Parabolic model with E-F valley (MQP-VDW), we carried out true height analysis to retrieve the ionospheric electron density profile based on the O-wave trace. An examination showed that the ionospheric parameters (i.e., foF2, h’F2) retrieved from the automatic scaling algorithm were essentially in good agreement with those obtained from manual scaling. The ionosonde-measured foF2 and hmF2 were also compared with the FORMOSAT-7 measurements made with the GPS radio occultation technique. The results show that the correlation coefficient, mean difference , and root mean squared deviation were, respectively, in ranges from 0.88 to 0.93, −0.43 to −0.26 MHz, and 0.73 to 1.06 MHz for foF2 and in ranges from 0.68 to 0.75, −8.18 to −5.63km, and 23.38 to 29.14 km for hmF2.
關鍵字(中)	★ 電離層探測儀 ★ 電離圖 ★ 實高分析 ★ 自動判讀 ★ 二維自相關函數	關鍵字(英)	★ Ionosonde ★ Ionogram ★ True height analysis ★ Automatic Scaling ★ Two-dimension autocorrelation fuction
論文目次	摘要 i Abstract iii 致謝 v 目錄 vii 圖目錄 xi 表目錄 xviii 第 1 章 緒論 1 1-1研究目的 1 1-2文獻回顧 2 1-3中壢電離層探測儀簡介 10 1-4內容大綱 11 第 2 章 理論基礎 12 2-1 電離層分層 12 2-1-1 D層 14 2-1-2 E層 14 2-1-3 F層 17 2-1-4 E層不規則體(Sporadic E) 20 2-1-5 F層不規則體(Spread F) 22 2-2 磁離理論 25 2-2-1 電漿頻率 25 2-2-2 電子旋繞頻率 27 2-2-3 Appleton方程式 28 第 3 章 雷達硬體設備介紹 34 3-1發射機與接收機 34 3-2發射與接收天線 38 3-3天線安裝步驟 42 第 4 章 演算法介紹與應用 44 4-1 簡介 44 4-2 原始資料處理 47 4-3 電離圖定頻干擾與背景雜訊處理 48 4-4 訊號分層與分類 51 4-5 電離圖正、異常波訊號擷取 55 4-5-1 人工神經網絡轉子模型(ANN Rotor Model) 55 4-5-2 二維自相關函數法 63 4-5-3 卡爾曼濾波器 66 4-6 初始參數參考模型 69 4-6-1 國際電離層參考模型(IRI model) 69 4-6-2中性大氣參考模型(MSIS model) 70 4-6-3 經驗正交函數(EOF) 71 4-7 電子密度模型 74 4-7-1 電離層底層 74 4-7-2 電離層上層 78 4-8 實高分析 84 4-9 逐步線性回歸分析 87 4-10 不規則體辨識 93 4-10-1 Es層辨識 93 4-10-2 Spread F辨識 97 4-11 電離層吸收係數與衰減 100 第 5 章 演算法結果與討論 105 5-1資料來源與取得 105 5-1-1 電離圖人工判讀資料 105 5-1-2 衛星掩星資料 106 5-2 自動判讀與人工判讀比較 108 5-2-1自動判讀臨界頻率與虛高結果比較 108 5-2-2 自動判讀結果討論 114 5-2-3 總結 116 5-3福衛七號掩星資料與判讀結果比較 117 5-3-1 foF2與hmF2資料比對 119 5-3-2 掩星資料與電離層探測儀資料討論 126 5-3-3 總結 127 5-4 不規則體統計分析 128 5-4-1 Es層人工與自動判讀統計結果 131 5-4-2 Spread F人工與自動判讀統計結果 136 5-4-3 Es層與Spread F判讀結果討論 139 5-4-4 總結 140 第 6 章 學術貢獻與未來展望 141 6-1學術貢獻 141 6-2 未來展望 143 參考文獻 144 附錄 152 A. IRI模型jf switch條件表 152
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指導教授	朱延祥(Yen-Hsyang Chu)	審核日期	2022-8-13
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