以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：71

、訪客IP：3.135.217.85

姓名	夏熙敏(Similengaye Wethu Shabangu)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	國際永續發展碩士在職專班
論文名稱	熱化學轉化在史瓦帝尼研究發電中的應用 (Investigation of the Application of Thermo-Chemical Conversion Techniques for Electricity Generation in Eswatini)
相關論文	★ 二維儲槽濾材顆粒流場之研究 ★ 粗細顆粒混合之流動性質分析 ★ MOCVD腔體熱流場與新式進氣檔板之設計模擬分析研究 ★ 稻殼於流體化床進行快速裂解產製生質燃油之研究 ★ 利用CFD 模擬催化生質能在快速熱裂解中碳沉積對於催化劑去活化反應影響 ★ 反向氣流對微小粉末於儲槽排放行為影響之研究 ★ 積層製造自動化粉末回收系統-系統設計及其混合器之優化 ★ 雙床氣化爐冷模型中CFB入口速度、BFB床高和顆粒尺寸對矽砂之壓力分佈和質量流率的影響 ★ 以實驗方式探討崩塌流場對可侵蝕底床侵蝕與堆積現象之影響 ★ 移動式顆粒床過濾器應用於去除PM2.5之研究 ★ 超臨界顆粒流場中雙圓柱阻礙物震波交互影響之研究 ★ 不同飽和態下兩相局部潰壩流場中流動行為之探討 ★ 筆記型電腦改良型自然對流散熱設計 ★ 移動式顆粒床過濾器濾餅流場與過濾性能之研究 ★ IP67防水平板電腦設計研究 ★ 汽車多媒體導航裝置散熱最佳化研究
檔案	[Endnote RIS 格式]    [Bibtex 格式]    [相關文章]   [文章引用]   [完整記錄]   [館藏目錄]   至系統瀏覽論文 (2025-8-30以後開放)
摘要(中)	斯威士蘭王國是一個位於非洲南部的內陸山區小國，面積17365平方公里。史瓦帝尼是一個高度依賴進口以滿足不斷增長的人口的不同需求的發展中國家。能源是任何正常運轉的社會的主要需求，因為它有助於交通、工業、住宅等不同部門的順利運作。據報導，斯威士蘭的能源需求多年來迅速增長，預計將繼續增長，但該國距離在這方面自給自足。據報導，斯威士蘭電力公司在 2021 年從南非進口了該國 79% 的電力需求，導致採購、輸電、運輸和分配成本高昂，並造成系統損失。此外，內部發電主要是通過水力發電廠，因為它們依賴於天氣，所以並不完全可靠。本研究的預期目的是為斯威士蘭政府和斯威士蘭電力公司 (EEC) 提出一個案例，提出應用通過斯威士蘭尚未探索的熱化學轉化途徑運行的發電系統，即生物質熱解以及具有更高效率和更少排放的氣化和燃燒系統。本研究主要側重於比較不同生物質熱化學轉化技術的電力輸出，根據模型根據其效率和在斯威士蘭不同可用性程度（100 %、75 %、50 % 和 25 %)，與國家的電力系統要求相反。 在最大生物質可用性情況下，情景 1（100%），所有技術的電力輸出在 1,400 GWh 和 3,000 GWh 之間，高於 2016 年至 2020 年 Eswatini 的平均電力系統需求 - 1,264.71 GWh。集成的生物質 CLC 系統被發現最適合其 35.14% 的高效率、符合 Eswatini 系統要求的高性能以及四種可用性場景。 . 與生物質熱解相比，燃燒系統通常具有被廣泛研究和商業應用的優勢，其產品不需要太多處理，而且更簡單，主要是更具成本效益，因為進料不需要像氣化一樣多的準備工作和熱解.
摘要(英)	The kingdom of Eswatini is a small landlocked, mountainous country covering an area of 17,365 km2 in the southern part of Africa. Eswatini is a developing country that it is highly dependent on imports to support the different needs of its growing population. Energy is a major need for any functioning society as it facilitates the smooth running of different sectors, i.e. transportation, industry, residence, etc. According to reports, Eswatini’s energy needs have grown rapidly over the years and are foreseen to continue to grow, however, the country is far from being self-sufficient in this regard. The Eswatini Electricity Company (EEC) reported to have imported 79% of the country’s total electricity requirement from South Africa in the year 2021, incurring high costs of purchases, transmission charges, wheeling, and distribution as well as system losses. Moreover, internal electricity generation is largely through hydro-powered stations which are not entirely reliable as they are weather dependent. The intended purpose of this study is to present a case for the government of Eswatini and Eswatini Electricity Company (EEC) to propose the application of electricity generating systems that operate through thermo-chemical conversion pathways that have not been explored in Eswatini, i.e. biomass pyrolysis, gasification and combustion systems that have higher efficiencies and less emissions. This research mainly focused on the comparison of the electric output of different biomass thermo-chemical conversion techniques according to models that have been developed based on their efficiencies and amount of biomass residue available in Eswatini at different availability degrees (100 %, 75 %, 50 %, and 25 %), against the country’s electric system requirement. At maximum biomass availability, scenario 1 (100%), the electric power output for all the techniques ranged between 1,400 GWh and 3,000 GWh, which was higher than the average electric system’s requirement of Eswatini from 2016 to 2020 - 1,264.71 GWh. The integrated biomass CLC system was found to be most suitable for its high efficiency of 35.14 %, its high performance against Eswatini’s system requirement and across the four availability scenarios. .Combustion systems in general have the advantage of being widely investigated and applied commercially as compared to biomass pyrolysis, its product doesn’t require much processing and it is simpler and principally more cost effective because the feed does not need as much preparation as with gasification and pyrolysis.
關鍵字(中)	★ 生物質 ★ 電 ★ 氣化 ★ 熱解 ★ 燃燒	關鍵字(英)	★ Biomass ★ Electricity ★ Gasification ★ Pyrolysis ★ Combustion
論文目次	中文摘要 viii Abstract ix Acknowledgments xi Table of Contents xii List of Figures xiv List of Tables xvi Acronyms xvii CHAPTER 1: Background 1 1-1 Introduction 1 1-2 Motivation 5 1-3 Objective of Study 6 1-4 Scope and Limitations 8 CHAPTER 2 Basic Theory 9 2-1 Biomass 9 2-2 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 13 2-2-1 Combustion 13 2-2-2 Gasification 17 2-2-3 Pyrolysis 20 2-3 Large Scale Electricity Generation (Organic Rankine & Brayton Cycle) 24 CHAPTER 3 Biomass Availability and Electricity used in Eswatini 30 3-1 Utilization of Biomass in Africa 30 3-2 Biomass Potential in Eswatini 41 3-3 Electricity Generation in Eswatini 47 CHAPTER 4 Results and Discussions 55 4-1 Electricity Generation through Biomass Combustion 56 4-2 Electricity Generation through Gasification 65 4-3 Electricity Generation through Pyrolysis 76 CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 87 5-1 Conclusions 87 5-2 Recommendations 89 Bibliography 90 APPENDIX A: Sugarcane Bagasse Calculations 106 APPENDIX B: Corn Stover Calculations 111 APPENDIX C: Combustion Systems 116 APPENDIX D: Gasification Systems 117 APPENDIX E: Pyrolysis Systems 118
參考文獻	[1] World population review, "Eswatini Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)," [Online]. Available: https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/eswatini-population. [Accessed 30 May 2022]. [2] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Energy Profile Eswatini," 29 September 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org/IRENADocuments/Statistical_Profiles/Africa/Eswatini_Africa_RE_SP.pdf. [3] V. Quaschning, Renewable energy sources, London: Earth scan, 2005. [4] R. A. Hinrichs and R. A. Kleinbach, Energy: Its Use and the Environment, Boston: Brooks/Cole, cengage learning, 2013. [5] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Energy Profile Eswatini," 29 September 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org/IRENADocuments/Statistical_Profiles/Africa/Eswatini_Africa_RE_SP.pdf. [6] Eswatini Electricity Company, "2020|2021 Annual Report," ESWATINI ELECTRICITY COMPANY, Mbabane, Eswatini, 2021. [7] T. B. Johansson, K. McCormick, L. Neij and W. Turkenburg, "The potentials of renewable energy," Thematic background paper, 2004. [8] Eswatini Electricity Company, "Annual Report 2019/20," Mbabane, Eswatini, 2020. [9] UNCDF, "Energy and the poor: Unpacking the investment of clean energy - eSwatini," UNCDF, 2020. [10] IndexMundi, "Swaziland Corn Production by Year," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=sz&commodity=corn&graph=production. [11] C. Chinya, "The Sugar Industry in Eswatini 2022," Who Owns Whom (WOW), 2022. [12] Eswatini Sugar Association, "Integrated Annual Report 2019/2020," 2020. [13] Z. Wang et al., "Co-pyrolysis of waste plastic and solid biomass for synergistic production of biofuels and chemicals - A review," Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 84, 100899, 2021. [14] P. Basu, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction. Practical Design and Theory. Second Edition, Elsevier Inc., 2013. [15] I. Mohammad et al., "Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis — A Technological Review," Energies, vol. 5, pp. 4952-5001, 2012. [16] H. Yang et al., "Pyrolysis of palm oil wastes for enhanced production of hydrogen rich gases," Fuel Pro. Technol, vol. 87, pp. 935-942, 2006. [17] S. Acar et al., "Determination of higher heating values (HHVs) of biomass fuels.," Energy Education Science and Technology Part AL Energy Science and Research 28 (2012) 749 - 758. [18] A. Ismaila et al., "Investigation on biomass briquettes as energy source in relation to their calorific values and measurement of their total carbon and elemental contents for efficient biofuel utilization," Advances in Applied Science Research, 2013, 4(4):303-309. [19] V. Minkova et al., "Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yeild and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass," Fuel Proc. Technol., vol. 70, pp. 53-61, 2001. [20] D. V. Suriapparao et al., "Microwave assisted co-pyrolysis of biomasses with polypropylene and polystyrene for high quality bio-oil production," Fuel Processing Technology 175, p. 64–75, 2018. [21] Y. Wan et al., "Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass: catalysts to improve product selectivity," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 86, pp. 161-167, 2009. [22] L. Xiaona et al., "Catalytic co-pyrolysis of waste corn stover and high-density polyethylene for hydrocarbon production: The coupling effect of potassium and HZSM-5 zeolite," Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 150, 2020. [23] A. Syed et al., "Co-pyrolysis of cotton stalk and waste tire with a focus on liquid yield quantity and quality," Renewable Energy 130, pp. 238-244, 2019. [24] U. Suat and K. Selhan, "Co-pyrolysis of pine nut shells with scrap tires," Fuel, 137, pp. 85-93, 2014. [25] Z. Dong et al., "Pyrolytic characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin under CO2 atmosphere," Fuel 256: 115890, 2019. [26] W. Xuebin, M. Daoyang, J. Qiming, D. Shuanghui, S. Hrvoje, T. Houzhang and M. Hrvoje, "Synergistic effects of biomass and polyurethane co-pyrolysis on the yield, reactivity, and heating value of biochar at high temperatures," Fuel Processing Technology, 194, 2019. [27] K. Shi, J. Yan, J. A. Menéndez, X. Luo, G. Yang, Y. Chen, E. Lester and T. Wu, "Production of H2-Rich Syngas From Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis Coupled With Activated Carbon," Frontiers in Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 3, 2020. [28] I. A. Vasalos, A. A. Lappas, E. P. Kopalidou and K. G. Kalogiannis, "Biomass catalytic pyrolysis: process design and economic analysis," WIREs Energy Environment, 2016. [29] F. Corona et al., "Thermochemical Conversion as the Key Step for the Production of Value-Added Products from Waste," Biofuels, 2016. [30] A. Demirbas, "Combustion Systems for Biomass Fuel, Energy Sources, Part A," Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 303-312, 2007. [31] S. Sadaka and D. Johnson, Biomass Combustion, 2010. [32] M. Mando, "Chapter 3: Direct combustion of biomass," in Biomass combustion science, technology and engineering, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013. [33] H. Ivan et al., "Numerical and experimental methods on development of the novel biomass combustion system concept for wood and agro pellets," Energy 231 (2021) 120929. [34] C. E. Francis, "Efficiency improvements in waste-to-energy combustion processes: Method development and evaluation," 2019. [35] J. L. Míguez, J. C. Morán, E. Granada and J. Porteiro, "Review of technology in small-scale biomass combustion systems in the European market," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, no. 16, p. 3867–3875, (2012). [36] S. Rafal et al., "Analysis and optimization of cogeneration system based on biomass combustion," Applied Thermal Engineering 50 (2013) 1418 - 1426. [37] M. P. Ashak et al., "Utilization of CO2 in the thermochemical conversion of biomass for enhanced product properties: A review," Journal of CO2 Utilization 40 (2020) 101217. [38] E. Bocci et al., "State of art of small scale biomass gasification power systems: a review of the different typologies," Energy Procedia 45 ( 2014 ) 247 – 256. [39] K. Sipila, "Co-generation, biomass, waste to energy and industrial waste heat for district heating," in Advanced District Heating and Cooling (DHC) Systems, Elsevier.Ltd, 2016, pp. 45 - 73. [40] S. Mishra and R. K. Upadhyay, "Review on biomass gasification: Gasifiers, gasifying mediums, and operational parameters," Material Science for Energy Technologies, vol. 4, pp. 329-240, 2021. [41] Y. Richardson, M. Drobek, A. Julbe, J. Blin and P. F., "Biomass Gasification to Produce Syngas," in Recent Advances in Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass, Elsevier B.V., 2015. [42] M. Trninić and J. Aleksandar, "Biomass gasification technology: The state of the art overview," in 4th International Symposium on Environmental Friendly Energies and Applications (EFEA), Belgrade, Serbia, 2016. [43] A. Molino et al., "Biomass gasification technology: The state of the art overview," Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2015. [44] K. Navid et al., "Techno-economic-environmental assessment of biomass oxy-gasification staged oxy-combustion for negative emission combined heat and power," Applied Thermal Engineering, 196 (2021) 117254. [45] K. Rene and R. C. Lasse, "Wheat straw based polygeneration systems integrating the electricity, heating and transport sector," Smart Energy, 2, (2021), 100015. [46] A. Hassan et al., "Comparative exergoeconomic analyses of the integration of biomass gasification and a gas turbine power plant with and without fogging inlet cooling," Renewable Energy 76 (2015) 394-400. [47] A. Briones-Hidrovo et al., "Environmental and energy performance of residual forest biomass for electricity generation : Gasification vs. combustion," Journal of cleaner production, 289 (2021) 125680. [48] L. Wang, M. Chai, R. Liu and J. Cai, "Synergetic effects during co-pyrolysis of biomass and waste tire: a study on product distribution and reaction kinetics," Bioresource Technology (2018). [49] N. H. Leibbrandt, "TECHNO-ECONOMIC STUDY FOR SUGARCANE BAGASSE TO LIQUID BIOFUELS IN SOUTH AFRICA: A COMPARISON BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS ROUTES," STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY, 2010. [50] d. M. Ciência et al., "Thermal conversion of biomass: a comparative review of different pyrolysis processes," Brazilian Journal of Wood Science 11(1): 12-22, 2020. [51] S. Muhammad, A. Ahmed, P. Prakash, H. A. Ali, M. Hamish, M. Gordon and A. Tareq, "Investigation of biomass components on the slow pyrolysis products yield using Aspen Plus for techno-economic analysis," Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2020. [52] C. Zhao, E. Jiang and A. Chen, "Volatile production from pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin," Journal of Energy Inst 90(6):902-913, 2017. [53] Z. Gao, N. Li, S. Yin and W. Yi, "Pyrolysis behaivior of cellulose in a fixed bed reactor: residue evolution and effects of parameters on products distribution and bio-oil composition," Energy 175:1067 - 1074, 2019. [54] J. Yu, N. Paterson, J. Blamey and M. Millan, "Cellulose, xylan and lignin interactions during pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass," Fuel 191:140-149, 2017. [55] H. Panchasara and N. Ashwath, "Effects of pyrolysis bio-oils on fuel," Energies, 2021, 14, 794. [56] B. Mobolaji, S. G. Shemfe and R. Panneerselvam, "Techno-economic performance analysis of biofuel production and miniature electric power generation from biomass fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading," Fuel 143 (2015) 361–372. [57] L. Pelkmans, "IEA Bioenergy Countries’ Report – update 2021, Implementation of bioenergy in the IEA Bioenergy member countries," IEA Bioenergy, 2021. [58] Government of Canada, "Advanced Power Cycles," 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/energy-sources-distribution/coal-and-co2-capture-storage/carbon-capture-storage/advanced-power-cycles/4325. [59] T. Asli, G. Huseyin and H. Arif, "Single and multigeneration Rankine cycles with aspects of thermodynamical modeling, energy and exergy analyses and optimization: A key review along with novel system description figures," Energy Coversion and Management 14 (2022) 100199. [60] D. Maraver, A. Sin, J. Royo and F. Sebastian, "Assessment of CCHP systems based on biomass combustion for small-scale applications through a review of the technology and analysis of energy efficiency parameters," Applied Energy, no. 102, pp. 1303-1013, 2013. [61] W. Publishing, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Power Systems, Technologies and Applications, M. A. Ennio Macchi, Ed., Woodhead Publishing, 2017. [62] A. M. Khater et al., "Power generation in white cement plants from waste heat recovery using steam-organic combined Rankine cycle," Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 4 (2021) 100138. [63] C. WU, Thermodynamics and Heat Powered Cycles: A Cognitive Engineering Approach, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. , 2007. [64] U. DESIDERI, "Fundamentals of gas turbine cycles: thermodynamics, efficiency and specific power," in Modern Gas Turbine Systems, Woodhead Publishing Limited,, 2013, pp. 44-85. [65] "Differencebetween.com," [Online]. Available: https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-rankine-cycle-and-brayton-cycle/#:~:text=The%20key%20difference%20between%20Rankine,Brayton%20cycle%20are%20thermodynamic%20cycles.. [66] A. C. Dimian et al., "Chapter 14 - Applied Energy Intergration," in Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, vol. 35, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 565-598. [67] A. T. Aqeel et al., "Thermodynamic Analysis of Partitioned Combined Cycle using Simple Gases," Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 4190. [68] P. J. Pacheco et al., "Biomass based Rankine Cycle, ORC and gasification system for electricity generation for isolated communities in Bonfim city, Brazil," IET Renew. Power Gener., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 737-743, 2019. [69] A. Hromádka and Z. Martínek, "Overview of the organic Rankine cycles and their current utilization: Verification of several current ORCs utilization by the software Dymola," in 18th International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE), 2017. [70] Z. Bahman, "Chapter 14 - The Beginning and Concept of Cryogenics, Basic Principles," in Physics of Cryogenics, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 387-473. [71] "Gas Turbines: Types, Avantages, Disadvantages, working and Application," mech4study, 09 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.mech4study.com/2016/09/gas-turbine-types-advantages-disadvantages-working-and-application.html. [72] IRENA, "Sustainable Rural Bioenergy Solutions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Collection of Good Practices," International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2018. [73] K. A. Rabi et al., "Exploring the potential of coconut shell biomass for charcoal production," Ain Shams Engineering Journal 13 (2022) 101499. [74] T. N. O. Mensah et al., "The role of biomass in sub-Saharan Africa′s fully renewable power sector - The case of Ghana," Renewable Energy 173, pp. 297-317, 2021. [75] A. Tolessa et. al., "Estimation of biomass feedstock availability for anaerobic digestion in smallholder farming systems in South Africa," Biomass and Bioenergy 142 (2020) 105798. [76] A. M. Olusola et al., "The state of renewable energy development in South Africa: An Overview," Alexandria Engineering Journal, no. 60, pp. 5077-5093, 2021. [77] V. Ilja et al., "Allometric models for estimating leaf biomass of sisal in a semi-arid environment in Kenya," Biomass and Bioenergy 155 (2021) 106294. [78] NIRAS-LTS et al., "Bioenergy for Sustainable Local Energy Services and Energy Access in Africa, Summary Report," NIRAS-LTS, E4tech, AIGUASOL and Aston University, London, 2021. [79] Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy, "Kingdom of Eswatini Energy Masterplan 2034," Government of Eswatini, Mbabne, Eswatini, 2018. [80] Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, "Marula - production guidline," Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa, 2010. [81] F. Kemausuor, "Biomass potential in Africa and African Experiences," in AFRETEP 2nd Regional Workshop , Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso , 2011. [82] N. Joan, A. A. Adeolu, O. Adeniyi, S. A. Olanrewaju and O. E. Francis, "The Potential of Biomass in Africa and the Debate on Its Carbon Neutrality," in Biotechnological Applications of Biomass, 2020. [83] IEA, "Paris: International Energy Agency," in Renewable Information: Overview., 2007, p. 11. [84] Lynd et al., "Bioenergy and African transformation," Biotechnology for Biofuels (2015) 8:18. [85] M. Goosen, "Top 5 African Countries with the Most Biofuel Potential," Energy Capital & Power, 2022. [86] W. M. Dlamini, "Characterization of the July 2007 Swaziland fire disaster using satellite remote senseing and GIS," Applied Geography 29 (2009) 299-307. [87] "The World Bank Group," The World Bank, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SZ&most_recent_year_desc=true. [88] S. Singwane and H. Beckedahl, "The distribution and utilization of benefits derived from plantation-style community forests in Eswatini: A case of Ngcayini and Ezikhotheni chiefdoms," Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 21, no. 3, 2019. [89] J. W. Knox et al., "A preliminary assessment of climate change impacts on sugarcane in Swaziland," Agricultural Systems 103 (2010) 63-72. [90] M. Fortunate, "Swaziland Land Cover, Land Cover Change Analysis and Vegetation Types for 1990, 2000, 2010, 2015," United nations Development Fund UNDP, 2016. [91] F. F. Magagula, "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 - Country Report, Swaziland," FAO, Mbabane, Eswatini, 2015. [92] Montigny, "Biomass & Pulp," Montigny, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.montigny.co.sz/biomass.html. [93] V. Ivan et al., "Bioenergy potential from invasive alien plants: Environmental and socio-economic impacts in Eastern Cape, South Africa," Biomass and Bioenergy 158 (2022) 106340. [94] A. M. Manyatsi et al., "Mapping of soil erosion using remotely sensed data in Zombodze South, Swaziland," Physics and Chemistry of Earth 33 (2008) 800-806. [95] Food and agricultural organization of united nations FAO, "FAO-Eswatini," Food and agricultural organization of united nations FAO, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index/en/?iso3=swz. [96] "International Trade Administration," 8 5 2019. [Online]. Available: https://legacy.export.gov/article?id=Eswatini-Agricultural-Sector#:~:text=Eswatini′s%20agricultural%20sector%20is%20the,subsistence%20farming%2C%20primarily%20maize%20cultivation.. [97] S. Ndzimandze et al., "Effect of Plant Density on Growth and Yield of Maize [Zea mays (L.)] Hybrids at Luyengo, Middleveld of Eswatini," Asian Plant Research Journal 3, pp. 1-9, 2019. [98] Eswatini Ministry Of Agriculture, "Eswatini Market Assessment Report," Eswatini Ministry Of Agriculture, 2021. [99] M. Zumar et al., "Evaluation of the potential of bio-methane production from field-based crop residues in Africa," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 115 (2019) 109357. [100] C. Romeu-Dalmau et al., "Impacts of land use change due to biofuel crops on climate regulation services: Five case studies in Malawi, Mozambique and Swaziland," Biomass and Bioenergy, 2016. [101] ESERA, "Annual Report 2020/2021," ESERA, Mbabane, Eswatini, 2021. [102] Eswatini Electricity Company, "How we generate electricity," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.eec.co.sz/electricity/. [103] International Renewable Energy Agency, "Swaziland: Renewable Readiness Assessment," 2014. [104] U.S. Department of Energy, "Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower," 2005. [Online]. Available: https://www.envirothonpa.org/documents/19bHydropowerAdvantagesandDisadvantages.pdf. [105] UNEP, UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre (UNEP-CC), "Emissions Gap Report 2021," UN Environment Programme, 2021. [106] Eswatini Electricity Company, "Annual Report 2016/17," Mbabane, Eswatini, 2017. [107] Eswatini Energy Regulatory Authority, "Development of new generation capacity in Eswatini," in Stakeholder Workshop, Mbabane, Eswatini, 2019. [108] African Development Bank , "Sustainable Energy For All," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/sustainable-energy-for-all-se4all#:~:text=In%20September%202011%2C%20the%20UN,of%20renewable%20energy%20in%20the. [109] B. H. Essel and N. Kudakwashe, "Kingdom of Swaziland, Sustainable Energy for All, Action Agenda," UNDP, SE4ALL, Government of Eswatini, 2016. [110] D. e. a. K., "A Comprehensive Economic Analysis of Biomass Gasification Systems". [111] M. K. Lam et al., "Biohydrogen Production From Algae," in Biohydrogen (Second Edition), 2019. [112] S. Zhuang and A. Muhammad, "Thermodynamic analysis of a tri-generation system driven by biomass direct chemical looping chemical process," Energy Conversion and Management, 244, (2021), 114517. [113] Y. Yang, J. G. Brammer, D. G. Wright, J. A. Scott, C. Serrano and A. V. Bridgwater, "Combined Heat and Power from the Intermediate Pyrolysis of Biomass Materials: Performance, Economics and Environmental Impact," Applied Energy, 191, pp. 639-652, 2017. [114] H. A. El-Sattar, S. Kamel, D. Vera and F. Jurado, "Tri-generation biomass system based on externally fired gas turbine, organic rankine cycle an absorption chiller," Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020. [115] E. Mancusi, P. Bareschino, P. Brachi, A. Coppola, G. Ruoppolo, M. Urciuolo and P. F., "Feasibility of an integrated biomass-based CLC combustion and a renewable-energy-based methanol production systems," Renewable Energy, vol. 179, pp. 29 - 36, 2021. [116] A. Briones-Hidrovo et al., "Environmental and energy performance of residual forest biomass for electricity generation : Gasification vs. combustion," Journal of cleaner production, 289 (2021) 125680. [117] W. Zhang et al., "Gas cleaning strategies for biomass gasification product gas," Int. Journal of Low-Carbon Technology, 7 (2012) 69-74. [118] Rene Kofler, Lasse Rongaard Clausen, "Wheat straw based polygeneration systems integrating the electricity, heating and transport sector," Smart Energy, 2, (2021), 100015. [119] A. Franco and F. Bellina, "Methods for optimized design and management of CHP systems for district heating networks (DHN)," Energy Conversion Management 172 (2018) 21-31. [120] T. Kohl, T. P. Laukkanen and M. P. Järvinen, "Integration of biomass fast pyrolysis and precedent feedstock steam drying with a municipal combined heat and power plant," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 71, pp. 413-430, 2014. [121] E. Sandvig and G. Walling, "Integrated Pyrolysis Combined Cycle Biomass Power System," Alliant Energy, Iowa, 2003. [122] Mobolaji B. Shemfe, Sai Gu, Panneerselvam Ranganathan, "Techno-economic performance analysis of biofuel production and miniature electric power generation from biomass fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading," Fuel 143 (2015) 361–372. [123] A. Hornung, "Intermediate Pyrolysis as an Alternative to Fast Pyrolysis," in BioEnergy IV: Innovations in Biomass Conversion for Heat, POwer, Fuels and Chemicals, Washington State University, USA, 2013. [124] A. Ali, K. Vladimir and I. Tatiana, "A combined overview of combustion, pyrolysis and gasification of biomass," Energy Fuels, 2018. [125] The World Bank Group, "Climate Knowledge Portal," World Bank Group, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/eswatini/climate-data-historical. [126] J. Kalina, "Integrated biomass gasification combined cycle distributed generation plant with reciprocating gas engine and ORC," Applied Thernal Engineering, Elsevier, 2011, 31 (14-15), pp. 2829.
指導教授	蕭述三(Hsiau Shu-San)	審核日期	2022-9-12
推文	facebook   plurk   twitter   funp   google   live   udn   HD   myshare   reddit   netvibes   friend   youpush   delicious   baidu
網路書籤	Google bookmarks   del.icio.us   hemidemi   myshare