砂膠比與纖維種類對3D列印混凝土的工程性質影響研究

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梁喬茵(CHIAO-YIN LIANG) 查詢紙本館藏

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土木工程學系

論文名稱

砂膠比與纖維種類對3D列印混凝土的工程性質影響研究
(Effect of aggregate-binder ratio and fiber type on the engineering properties of 3D printing concrete)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2028-6-1以後開放)

摘要(中)

3D 列印混凝土是利用增材製造技術逐堆疊成複雜的混凝土結構，對於材料與列印工藝的要求極高。本研究主要以調整化學外加劑、砂膠比及纖維參數進行測試，分別透過工作性、可列印性、力學行為及體積穩定性等方面加以探討，評估不同配比設計對 3D 列印混凝土的工程性質之影響。
本研究分為「化學外加劑對 3D 列印水泥基體工程性質之影響」、「砂膠比對 3D 列印混凝土之工程性質之影響」及「纖維種類對 3D 列印纖維混凝土工程性質之影響」三個階段進行探討，第一階段主要評估不同類型或型號之化學外加劑對 3D 列印水泥基體之影響，並根據其測試結果提出適用於 3D 列印混凝土之化學外加劑及使用比例;第二階段探討使用不同砂膠比(0.5 ~ 1.5)，對 3D 列印混凝土之工作性與可列印性之關係，並探討砂膠比對 3D 列印混凝土硬固性質之影響;第三階段則透過纖維的類型(聚甲醛、聚丙烯、碳及玄武岩纖維)、含量(0.5 % ~ 1.5 %)及長度(6 ~ 12 mm)變化對 3D 列印纖維混凝土的工程性質影響，評估不同纖維應用於 3D 列印纖維混凝土之匹配性及適用性。
結果顯示，黏度改質劑可對 3D 列印混凝土之觸變性提供顯著改善，並以固含量與減水率分別為 17.5 與 25 % 之複合型聚羧酸減水劑(SPD)搭配複合型黏度改質劑(CVMA) 較具適用性，且 CVMA 之添加量為膠結材料重量比之 0.5 % 時效果最佳。在 3D 列印混凝土之新拌階段方面，砂膠比的變化將影響 3D 列印混凝土之可列印範圍，流度與保型率需分別處於 50 % ~ 60 % 及 86.5 % ~ 91.5 % 範圍內時方可滿足其可列印性。在硬固階段可發現，相較於傳統灌漿，以 3D 列印方式製作之混凝土試體存在強度損失並有各向異性存在，其中，各面抗壓強度之關係為 X 面 > Y 面 ≈ Z 面，而抗彎強度之關係則為 Y 面 ≈ Z 面 < X 面。在與砂膠比之關係方面，3D 列印混凝土之砂膠比在提升至 1.5 時將對力學性質將造成負面影響，但其乾燥收縮量則隨砂膠比的提升而出現顯著改善。同時發現，3D 列印混凝土會因纖維之性質不同而在強度發展趨勢上存在相異。其中，碳纖維可有效改善強度損失，且強度表現隨摻量增加而提升，並可增加彈性階段之位移量;聚丙烯纖維之強度表現僅次於碳纖維，且其同樣隨摻量增加而提升，並可有效
i
提升混凝土在開裂後之韌性表現;聚甲醛纖維與玄武岩纖維則較不利於 3D 列印混凝土之強度發展，其中，玄武岩纖維之強度表現則呈現先上升後下降之趨勢，且在列印過程中極易在噴頭處堆積而造成擠出困難，而聚甲醛纖維造成之強度損失隨摻量增加而顯著，但其在混凝土之體積穩定性方面可起正向作用。此外，不論纖維種類，增加纖維長度皆可能造成 3D 列印混凝土之強度削減，並導致乾燥收縮提升。

摘要(英)

3D printing concrete is a complex concrete structure that is stacked one by one using additive manufacturing technology, which has extremely high requirements for materials and printing technology. This study mainly tests the adjustment of chemical admixtures, cement ratio and fiber parameters, discusses the workability, printability, mechanical behavior and volume stability respectively, and evaluates the effect of different ratio designs on 3D printing concrete. The impact of the nature of the project.
This research is divided into "Effects of chemical admixtures on the engineering properties of 3D printing cement matrix", "Effects of sand-binder ratio on the engineering properties of 3D printing concrete" and "Effects of fiber types on the engineering properties of 3D printing fiber-reinforced concrete" The discussion will be carried out in three stages. The first stage mainly evaluates the impact of different types or types of chemical admixtures on the 3D printing cement matrix, and proposes the chemical admixtures and usage ratios suitable for 3D printing concrete based on the test results; the second stage in the first stage, different sand binder glue ratios (0.5 ~ 1.5) were used to propose the relationship between the workability and printability of 3D printing concrete, and to explore the impact of the sand binder ratio on the hardend properties of 3D printing concrete; the third stage was to use the effect of fiber type (polyoxymethylene, polypropylene, carbon and basalt fiber), content (0.5 % ~ 1.5 %) and length (6 ~ 12 mm) on the engineering properties of 3D printing fiber concrete, to evaluate the application of different fibers in compatibility and applicability of 3D printing fiber concrete.
The results show that the viscosity modifier can significantly improve the thixotropy of 3D printing concrete, and the composite polycarboxylate superplasticizer (SPD) with a solid content of 17.5% and a water reducing rate of 25% is combined with a composite
viscosity modifier Additive (CVMA) is more applicable, and the effect is best when the
iii
amount of CVMA added is 0.5% of the weight ratio of the cementitious material. In the fresh mixing stage of 3D printing concrete, the change of sand binder ratio will affect the printable range of 3D printing concrete, and the fluidity and shape retention rate should be in the range of 50% ~ 60% and 86.5% ~ 91.5% respectively only then can its printability be satisfied. In the hardening stage, it can be found that compared with traditional casting, the concrete specimen produced by 3D printing has strength loss and anisotropy. Among them, the relationship between the compressive strength of each surface is X-plane > Y- plane ≈ Z surface, and the relationship of flexural strength is Y surface ≈ Z surface < X surface. In terms of the relationship with the sand-binder ratio, when the sand-binder ratio of 3D printing concrete is increased to 1.5, the mechanical properties will be negatively affected, but its drying shrinkage will be significantly improved with the increase of the sand-binder ratio. At the same time, it was found that 3D printing concrete will have different strength development trends due to different properties of fibers. Among them, carbon fiber can effectively improve the strength loss, and the strength performance increases with the increase of the content, and can increase the displacement of the elastic stage; the strength performance of the polypropylene fiber is second only to the carbon fiber, and it also increases with the increase of the content. It can effectively improve the toughness of concrete after cracking; POM fiber and basalt fiber are not conducive to the strength development of 3D printing concrete. Among them, the strength performance of basalt fiber shows a trend of rising first and then falling, and during the printing process it is very easy to accumulate at the nozzle and cause extrusion difficulties, and the strength loss caused by polyoxymethylene fibers increases significantly with the increase of the content, but it can play a positive role in the volume stability of concrete. In addition, regardless of the fiber type, increasing the fiber length may reduce the strength of 3D printing concrete and lead to increased drying shrinkage.

關鍵字(中)

★ 3D 列印混凝土
★ 砂膠比
★ 纖維
★ 可列印性
★ 各向異性

關鍵字(英)

★ 3D Printing Concrete
★ Mortar Ratio
★ Fibers
★ Printability
★ Anisotropy

論文目次

摘要 ..........................................................................................................................................................................i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ iii 致謝 ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi 目錄 ......................................................................................................................................................................vii
圖目錄表目錄第一章
1.1 1.2 1.3
第二章 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
................................................................................................................................................................... x
................................................................................................................................................................xvi
緒論........................................................................................................................................................1 研究背景與動機 .............................................................................................................................1
研究目的............................................................................................................................................1 研究內容............................................................................................................................................2
文獻回顧...............................................................................................................................................5 3D 列印...............................................................................................................................................5
3D 列印混凝土技術.......................................................................................................................5
2.2.1 3D列印混凝土技術的起源.............................................................................................5
2.2.2 3D 列印混凝土技術與傳統施工方法差別 ................................................................6
2.2.3 3D列印混凝土技術的應用.............................................................................................7
3D 列印混凝土之工藝..................................................................................................................9 2.3.1 列印儀器................................................................................................................................9 2.3.2 擠出設備.............................................................................................................................10 3D 列印混凝土新拌可列印性要求....................................................................................... 11 2.4.1 可泵性..................................................................................................................................12 2.4.2 可擠出性.............................................................................................................................13 2.4.3 可建造性.............................................................................................................................14 3D 列印混凝土材料之設計要求............................................................................................ 16 2.5.1 粒料作用與要求...............................................................................................................17
2.5.2 礦物摻料.............................................................................................................................17
vii
2.6
2.7
第三章 3.1
3.2
3.3 3.4
第四章 4.1
4.2
4.3
2.5.3 化學摻料.............................................................................................................................19 2.5.4 用於3D列印混凝土之配比設計...............................................................................20 3D 列印混凝土硬固性質 .......................................................................................................... 21 2.6.1 各向異性之影響...............................................................................................................21 2.6.2 層間界面之影響...............................................................................................................22 2.6.3 耐久性..................................................................................................................................23 纖維在混凝土中的特性 ............................................................................................................ 25
2.7.1 纖維混凝土之工作性.....................................................................................................25
2.7.2 纖維混凝土之破壞機理.................................................................................................26
2.7.3 纖維對 3D 列印混凝土的影響 .................................................................................... 27
研究規劃............................................................................................................................................ 29 研究流程......................................................................................................................................... 29
3.1.1 第一階段化學外加劑對3D列印水泥基體工程性質之影響........................30 3.1.2 第二階段砂膠比對3D列印混凝土工程性質之影響......................................32 3.1.3 第三階段 3D列印纖維混凝土之硬固性質影響.................................................34 試驗材料及設備 .......................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.1 試驗材料.............................................................................................................................36 3.2.2 試驗設備.............................................................................................................................40 試驗配比設計與實驗項目 ....................................................................................................... 43 試驗方法......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.4.1 新拌試驗方法....................................................................................................................49 3.4.2 硬固性質試驗....................................................................................................................51
研究成果與分析.............................................................................................................................56 儀器參數......................................................................................................................................... 56
化學外加劑對 3D 列印水泥基體工程性質之影響......................................................... 57 4.2.1 不同SP對3D列印水泥基體坍流度之影響.........................................................58 4.2.2 不同VMA與SP組合對3D列印水泥基體工程性質之影響.........................61 4.2.3 小結-不同SP與CVMA在3D列印水泥基體中之適用性及使用量...........69
砂膠比對 3D 列印混凝土工程性質之影響 ....................................................................... 73
viii

4.3.1 新拌性質試驗....................................................................................................................73 4.3.2 硬固性質試驗....................................................................................................................96 4.3.3 小結-3D列印混凝土與砂膠比之關係..................................................................118
4.4 纖維種類對 3D 列印混凝土之工程性質之影響 ............................................................... 121
4.4.1 3D列印聚甲醛(POM)纖維混凝土...........................................................................121
4.4.2 3D 列印聚丙烯(PP)纖維混凝土 ................................................................................ 132
4.4.3 3D列印碳(C)纖維混凝土............................................................................................147
4.4.4 3D列印玄武岩(B)維混凝土.......................................................................................162
4.4.5 纖維混凝土之韌性試驗...............................................................................................176
4.4.6 微觀分析...........................................................................................................................177
4.4.7 小結-3D 列印混凝土之纖維匹配性探討 ........................................................... 180
4.5 綜合討論 .......................................................................................................................................... 184
第五章結論與建議.....................................................................................................................................188 5.1 結論 ................................................................................................................................................ 188
5.2 後續研究建議 ............................................................................................................................. 190
參考文獻........................................................................................................................................................... 191 圖附錄 ............................................................................................................................................................... 201

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指導教授

王韡蒨(WEI-CHIEN WANG)

審核日期

2023-7-26

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