應用時域反射法於深地層處置場之緩衝材料熱-水及力學耦合實驗與數值模擬可行性評估

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曾品蓁(Pin-Chen Tseng) 查詢紙本館藏

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土木工程學系

論文名稱

應用時域反射法於深地層處置場之緩衝材料熱-水及力學耦合實驗與數值模擬可行性評估
(Assessing the Feasibility of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Experiments and Numerical Simulations for Buffer Materials in Deep Geological Disposal Sites via Time Domain Reflectometry)

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摘要(中)

核能發電為各國主要電力來源之一，但由於核能發電所產生之用過核子燃料具有高放射性和具衰變熱 (heat decay)，而混凝土與緩衝材料介面之交互作用和未來受到地下水入侵，皆會造成內部結構及障壁功能的改變。目前國際間對於用過核子燃料之最終處置方式一致採「深地層處置」(Deep Geologic Disposal) 概念，並以工程障壁系統(Engineered Barrier System, EBS)阻止放射性核種遷移，主要受到四大因素影響，包含T熱學(Thermal)、H水力(Hydraulic)、M力(Mechanical)、C化學(Chemical)因素，稱為T-H-M-C耦合效應，將影響最終處置場之預期性能。
由於混凝土於高放處置場為封塞材料，長期受到地下水入侵，會使地下水中的鎂離子和混凝土中的鈣離子產生離子交換的情形，造成混凝土溶出鈣離子產生失鈣現象，而形成pH值較高的鹼性環境。研究結果顯示，當緩衝材料接觸pH值大於13之NaOH溶液，會使膨潤土回脹壓力下降，影響其安全性。
本研究以熱-水-力學耦合行為進行小型實驗以及數值模擬進行分析比對，以瞭解利用有限元素法模擬處置場緩衝材料之可行性。以加熱後進水之方式較符合處置場實際情形，及符合受鹼性環境影響緩衝材料回脹效果之耦合效應，使用pH值13之氫氧化鈉溶液進行小型耦合實驗，再以自來水做為入滲液體為小型耦合實驗對照組，皆以時域反射法(time domain reflectometry, TDR)做為實驗期間之含水量量測。而高塑性土壤並不適用於Topp et al.(1980)所建之一般土壤體積含水量計算方法，因此本研究建立膨潤土視介電常數-溫度-體積含水量三向圖供後續實驗計算，最後透過COMSOL有限元素程式模擬膨潤土受水分入侵之情形。由於三向圖換算體積含水量時主要假設乾密度固定狀態下，因此換算體積含水量產生誤差。本研究透過數值模擬考慮回脹應變設定和不同溫度下的吸力反應，了解緩衝材料於處置場中受到的物理變化，透過模擬乾密度結果配合試體拆卸後所量測得重量含水量，計算體積含水量與TDR量測結果比對，驗證數值模擬與TDR量測法於深地層處置應用之可行性。

摘要(英)

Nuclear power generation is one of the main power sources for many countries, but the spent nuclear fuel it produces is highly radioactive and has heat decay. Interactions at the interface of concrete and buffer materials, as well as future groundwater intrusion, can cause changes in the internal structure and barrier function. Currently, the international consensus on the final disposal method for spent nuclear fuel is the concept of "Deep Geologic Disposal", using an Engineered Barrier System (EBS) to prevent the migration of radioactive species. This is primarily influenced by four major factors: Thermal (T), Hydraulic (H), Mechanical (M), and Chemical (C), collectively referred to as the THMC coupling effect, which will affect the expected performance of the final disposal site.
Due to the use of concrete as a sealant in high-level waste disposal sites, will undergo ion exchange due to long-term groundwater intrusion, resulting in calcium ions in the concrete dissolving, causing decalcification and creating a high pH alkaline environment. Research results show that when buffer material comes in contact with NaOH solution with pH greater than 13, the swelling pressure of the bentonite decreases, impacting its safety.
This study conducts a small-scale experiment and numerical simulation analysis to understand the feasibility of using the finite element method to simulate the buffering material in the disposal field. It was found that introducing water post-heating closely mirrors the actual scenario in the disposal field and corresponds to the swelling effect of the buffering material affected by an alkaline environment. A small-scale coupled experiment was conducted using a sodium hydroxide solution with a pH value of 13, with tap water used as the infiltrating fluid for the control group. All experiments employed the time domain reflectometry (TDR) method to measure water content during the experiment.The general soil water content calculation method proposed by Topp et al. (1980) is not applicable to high-plasticity soils. Therefore, this study established a three-way diagram of bentonite dielectric constant-temperature-volume water content for subsequent experimental calculations. Finally, the situation of bentonite being invaded by moisture was simulated using the COMSOL finite element program. When converting the volume water content from the three-way diagram, the main assumption was a fixed dry density state, which could lead to conversion errors. This study considered swelling strain settings and the response of suction at different temperatures through numerical simulation, understanding the physical changes that the buffering material undergoes in the disposal field. By comparing the volume water content calculated from the dry density results obtained from disassembling the specimen with the water content measured by TDR, the applicability of numerical simulation and TDR measurement method in deep geological disposal was validated.

關鍵字(中)

★ 深地層處置
★ 緩衝材料
★ 熱-水-力學耦合效應
★ TDR時域反射法
★ COMSOL有限元素模擬

關鍵字(英)

★ Deep Geologic Disposal
★ Buffer Materials
★ Thermal-Hydraulic- Mechanical Coupling Effect
★ Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
★ COMSOL Finite Element Simulation

論文目次

摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iv
誌謝 vi
目錄 vii
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
第一章緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究方法 2
第二章文獻回顧 5
2.1 高放射性廢棄物處置概念 5
2.2 高放射性廢棄物緩衝材料特性 6
2.2.1 緩衝材料所具備功能 6
2.2.2 膨潤土基本特性 8
2.2.3 膨潤土劣化性質 10
2.3 緩衝材料與近場環境之交互作用 11
2.3.1 膨潤土與地下水之交互作用 11
2.3.2 膨潤土與混凝土之交互作用 13
2.4 TDR時域反射原理 13
2.4.1 物質之電化學特性 13
2.4.2 TDR量測系統 17
2.4.3 土壤含水量量測方法 19
2.4.4 水和膨潤土電學性質與溫度關係 22
2.4.5 化學物質與介電常數之關係 23
2.5 各國THM耦合相關實驗 24
2.5.1 瑞典模擬實驗 24
2.5.2 韓國模擬實驗 33
2.5.3 中國模擬實驗 36
2.5.4 國內模擬實驗 44
2.6 各國THC耦合相關實驗 49
2.6.1 西班牙相關實驗 49
2.6.2 日本模擬實驗 56
2.7 綜合評析 64
第三章實驗材料與方法 66
3.1 實驗材料 66
3.2 實驗設備 67
3.2.1 實驗相關儀器 67
3.2.2 耦合實驗模具設計 71
3.2.3 TDR感測器改良及率定 75
3.3 緩衝材料電學性質 80
3.3.1 膨潤土含水量設計 80
3.3.2 建立視介電常數-含水量-溫度三向圖 81
3.4 小型熱-水-力學耦合實驗 82
第四章模擬理論及參數設定 85
4.1 程式基礎 85
4.2 模擬理論 86
4.2.1 水力傳導分析 86
4.2.2 毛細壓力 87
4.2.3 質量守恆定律 88
4.2.4 有效應力理論 90
4.2.5 組構行為 91
4.2.6 水分回脹 92
4.2.7 延伸巴塞隆納基本模型 92
4.3 模型及參數設定 94
4.3.1 元素網格及邊界條件 94
4.3.2 參數掃描分析 96
4.3.3 參數設定 100
第五章研究結果 106
5.1 MX-80膨潤土視介電常數-含水量-溫度關係 106
5.1.1 視介電常數-含水量-溫度三向圖 107
5.2 T-H-M小型耦合實驗結果 111
5.2.1 初始乾密度1.4 g/cm3小型耦合實驗 112
5.2.2 初始乾密度1.5 g/cm3小型耦合實驗 118
5.2.3 初始乾密度1.6 g/cm3小型耦合實驗 125
5.2.4 初始乾密度1.5 g/cm3小型耦合實驗對照組 132
5.2.5 T-H-M小型耦合實驗小結 139
5.3 數值模擬分析結果 143
5.3.1 飽和度模擬結果 144
5.3.2 孔隙比模擬結果 147
5.3.3 乾密度模擬結果 150
5.3.4 位移模擬結果 153
5.3.5 體積含水量歷時模擬結果 155
5.4 小型耦合實驗與數值模擬比對 157
第六章結論與建議 164
6.1 結論 164
6.2 建議 165
參考文獻 167
評審意見回覆表 171

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指導教授

鐘志忠(Chih-Chung Chung)

審核日期

2023-7-28

推文