東南亞近期顯著地震與區域地殼構造之地震學研究

、線上人數：48

、訪客IP：18.119.108.9

姓名	阮公義(Nguyen Cong Nghia) 查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	國際研究生博士學位學程
論文名稱	東南亞近期顯著地震與區域地殼構造之地震學研究 (Seismological study of recent significant events and regional crustal structures in Southeast Asia)
檔案	[Endnote RIS 格式] [Bibtex 格式] [相關文章] [文章引用] [完整記錄] [館藏目錄] 至系統瀏覽論文 (2026-8-1以後開放)
摘要(中)	本論文以近期收集的地震資料，針對越南北部的兩個顯著地震序列及菲律賓北部呂宋島的板塊構造進行地震源特性及地震層析成像之分析研究。東南亞是一個地震活躍度高且持續板塊運動活躍的廣大區域。在越南北部，雖然該地區目前的板塊運動活動相對不活躍，但本地區存在著大尺度地震斷層，並且過去曾發生過中大規模的地震。2020年在越南北部發生了兩個中等規模地震，分別為木州5.0級地震和芒特4.9級地震。此兩個地震序列都對震源區域的基礎設施造成災害損失。我們通過定位地震分析、確定主震和餘震序列的震源機制。對兩地震序列震源過程進行研究，通過應力反演推斷現地發震斷層。莫州主震及其餘震主要為右行走滑型事件，與活躍的紅河斷層有關。應力反演結果顯示，最大水平壓縮方向為南北方向，最大擴張方向為東北-西南方向。芒特地震序列發生在一個發育良好的斷層系統區域，與主要的延邊附近斷層和紅河斷層平行。震源機制表明主要為走滑型結合部分正斷型。地震位置表明，震源斷層是兩個共軛斷層，分別平行於延邊附近斷層和紅河斷層。從震源機制反演的應力狀態顯示，最小壓縮軸σ3的方向穩定為東北-西南方向，最大壓縮軸σ1和σ2的方向在西北-東南方向上交替。本論文的推論基本上支持現有區域應力的壓縮變化模式。本論文針對菲律賓北部地區，進行了P波和S波的共同地震層析成像分析，目的為約束該區域的淺層地質結構並建構板塊撕裂模型。層析成像顯示，在40公里深度處存在一個低速板塊撕裂區，本研究解釋其為板塊撕裂的位置。通過該地區的震源機制和地震活動對比，提出板塊撕裂從老海脊延伸到薩邦和其北部地區下方，並產生區域運動擾動。本研究認為板塊下插形成地幔楔並可能產生部分熔融，俯冲板塊可能在擾動下插過程中造成撕裂破損，這種撕裂在地殼中產生淺層上升岩漿並形成板塊低速區。研究還揭示了在層析成像中，菲律賓斷層及其分支之間的速度異常存在著很高的對比度，這表明這些斷層是切割穿過地殼的岩石結構，深入至少30公里深度。
摘要(英)	This dissertation presents an analysis and research on the seismic source characteristics and seismic tomography of two significant earthquake sequences in northern Vietnam, as well as the tectonic structure in the Luzon Island, the northern part of the Philippines, based on recently collected seismic data. Southeast Asia is a vast area with high seismicity and currently tectonic process. However, this region is characterized by large-scale seismic faults, and moderate to large earthquakes have occurred in the past. In 2020, two moderate-scale earthquakes occurred in northern Vietnam, namely the Moc Chau earthquake with a magnitude of 5.0 and the Muong Te earthquake with a magnitude of 4.9. Both earthquake sequences caused damage to infrastructure in the source area. I investigated these sequences by locating the earthquakes, determining the focal mechanisms of the mainshock and the largest aftershocks, stress inversion, and finding out the seismogenic fault. The Moc Chau mainshock and its aftershocks were determined to be mostly right-lateral strike-slip events that related to the active Da River fault. The stress inversion results in maximum horizontal compression direction in north–south and the maximum extension direction is northeast-southwest. The Muong Te earthquake sequence occurred in a region with a well-developed faults system, parallel to the major Dien Bien Phu fault and Red River fault. The focal mechanism indicates a combination of mostly strike-slip with some normal faulting. The earthquake locations suggest that the seismogenic faults are two conjugate faults parallel to the Dien Bien Phu fault and Red River fault, correspondingly. The stress regime inverted from the focal mechanism shows a stable northeast-southwest direction of minimum compression axis σ3, while the alternating direction of immediate and maximum compression axis σ1 and σ2 in the northwest-southeast direction, which support the stress permutation model of the regional stress. For the North Philippines region, I carried out a simultaneous P- and S-wave seismic tomography to constrain the shallow geological structure in the area and refine the slab tearing model. The tomographic images indicate a region of low-velocity slab window from a depth of 40 km, which is interpreted as the site of slab tearing. Compare with focal mechanism and earthquakes occurrence in this region, I propose the slab tearing extends from the fossil ridge to the area beneath north of Zambales and creates regional kinematic perturbations. The tearing produces shallow upwelling magma staying at the crust while may disrupt mantle wedge partial melting due to the absence of contact with mantle and subducting slab. The study also reveals the high contrast in velocity anomalies across the Philippine Fault and its branches in tomographic images, which suggests that the faults are lithospheric structure that cuts through the crust to approximately at least 30 km depth.
關鍵字(中)	★ 越南地震 ★ 應力反演 ★ 震源機制反演 ★ 地震定位 ★ 地震层析成像 ★ 菲律賓北部	關鍵字(英)	★ Vietnam earthquake ★ focal mechanism inversion ★ earthquake location ★ Northern Philippines ★ seismic tomography ★ stress inversion
論文目次	摘要 i Abstract iii Acknowledgement v Table of contents vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xvi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Seismotectonic background 1 1.1.1. Northern Vietnam 1 1.1.2. Northern Philippines 5 1.2. Motivation and objectives 7 1.3. Structures of the dissertation 9 Chapter 2. Methodologies 11 2.1. Earthquake source methods 11 2.1.1. Deep-learning based phase-picking and detection model 11 2.1.2. Earthquake location and relocation methods 13 2.1.3. Synthetic waveform 17 2.1.4. Moment tensor inversion 18 2.1.5. Stress inversion 23 2.2. Seismic tomography 25 2.2.1. 1D velocity model optimization 25 2.2.2. Bending algorithm for ray tracing in a 3D velocity model 26 2.2.3. Iterative tomographic inversion 28 Chapter 3. Characteristics of earthquake source and ground motions in Northern Vietnam investigated through the 2020 Moc Chau M5.0 earthquake sequence 31 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2. Identification of damage and intensity 33 3.3. Analysis and results 35 3.3.1. Earthquake source characteristics 35 3.3.2. Ground motion attenuation model assessment 40 3.3.3. Seismic site condition classification 42 3.4. Discussion 44 3.5. Conclusions 48 Chapter 4. Seismotectonics of the 2020 Muong Te earthquake sequence, Vietnam: Results from earthquake relocation, focal mechanism, and stress inversion 50 4.1. Introduction 50 4.2. Tectonics background 52 4.3. Damage and landslide identification 54 4.4. Seismic data and earthquake detection 55 4.5. Analysis and results 57 4.5.1. Double difference relocation 57 4.5.2. Focal mechanism 59 4.5.3. Tectonic stress field 63 4.5.4. Statistical analysis of the sequence 64 4.6. Discussion 67 4.6.1. Determination of the mainshock true fault 67 4.6.2. Activation of the conjugate fault system 68 4.6.3. Regional crustal stress characteristics 69 4.6.4. Implication for the seismic hazards in northwestern Vietnam 70 4.7. Conclusions 71 Chapter 5. Local seismic tomography of the northern Philippines 72 5.1. Introduction 72 5.2. Data and Method 76 5.2.1. P- and S-wave travel time data 76 5.2.2. 1D velocity model 78 5.2.3. 3D seismic tomography 80 5.3. Resolution validations of the tomographic image 81 5.3.1. Checkerboard resolution test 84 5.3.2. Odd-even test 85 5.3.3. Free-form synthetic test 87 5.4. Analyzed Results 88 5.5. Discussion 95 5.5.1. Comparison with previous studies 95 5.5.2. Accreted terranes in the tomographic images 95 5.5.3. The depth of the Philippine Fault 96 5.5.4. Slab tearing locations 99 5.5.5. Subsurface magmatic feeding systems 101 5.6. Conclusions 103 Chapter 6. Conclusions 106 6.1. Summary and concluding remarks 106 6.2. Further works 107 6.2.1. Earthquake source and seismic hazards in Northern Vietnam 107 6.2.2. Structure and earthquake studies in the Northern Philippines 108 Biblography 109 Appendices 123
參考文獻	Abrahamson, N.A., Silva, W.J., Kamai, R., 2014. Summary of the ASK14 ground motion relation for active crustal regions. Earthquake Spectra 30, 1025-1055. Akkar, S., Sandıkkaya, M., Bommer, J.J., 2014. Empirical ground-motion models for point-and extended-source crustal earthquake scenarios in Europe and the Middle East. Bulletin of earthquake engineering 12, 359-387. Allen, C.R., Gillespie, A., Yuan, H., Sieh, K.E., Buchun, Z., Chengnan, Z., 1984. Red River and associated faults, Yunnan Province, China: Quaternary geology, slip rates, and seismic hazard. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95, 686-700. Allen, R.V., 1978. Automatic Earthquake Recognition and Timing from Single Traces. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 68, 1521-1532. Anderson, E.M., 1905. The dynamics of faulting. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 8, 387-402. Angelier, J., 1984. Tectonic analysis of fault slip data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 89, 5835-5848. Aurelio, M., Barrierj, E., Gaulon, R., Rangin, C., 1997. Deformation and stress states along the central segmentof the Philippine Fault: implications to wrench fault tectonics. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 15, 107-119. Aurelio, M.A., 2000. Shear partitioning in the Philippines: Constraints from Philippine Fault and global positioning system data. Island Arc 9, 584-597. Baillard, C., Crawford, W.C., Ballu, V., Hibert, C., Mangeney, A., 2014. An Automatic Kurtosis-Based P- and S-Phase Picker Designed for Local Seismic Networks. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 104, 394-409. Barrier, E., Huchon, P., Aurelio, M., 1991. Philippine fault: a key for Philippine kinematics. Geology 19, 32-35. Barth, A., Reinecker, J., Heidbach, O., 2008. Stress derivation from earthquake focal mechanisms. World Stress Map Project Guidelines 12, 1-12. Bautista, B.C., Bautista, M.L.P., Oike, K., Wu, F.T., Punongbayan, R.S., 2001. A new insight on the geometry of subducting slabs in northern Luzon, Philippines. Tectonophysics 339, 279-310. Bijwaard, H., Spakman, W., Engdahl, E.R., 1998. Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 103, 30055-30078. Bluth, G.J.S., Doiron, S.D., Schnetzler, C.C., Krueger, A.J., Walter, L.S., 1992. Global Tracking of the SO2 Clouds from the June, 1991 Mount-Pinatubo Eruptions. Geophysical Research Letters 19, 151-154. Bui, H.B., Ngo, X.T., Khuong, T.H., Golonka, J., Nguyen, T.D., Song, Y., Itaya, T., Yagi, K., 2017. Episodes of brittle deformation within the Dien Bien Phu Fault zone, Vietnam: Evidence from K-Ar age dating of authigenic illite. Tectonophysics 695, 53-63. Campbell, K.W., Bozorgnia, Y., 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Earthquake Spectra 24, 139-171. Campbell, K.W., Bozorgnia, Y., 2014. NGA-West2 Ground Motion Model for the Average Horizontal Components of PGA, PGV, and 5% Damped Linear Acceleration Response Spectra. Earthquake Spectra 30, 1087-1115. Carter, A., Roques, D., Bristow, C., Kinny, P., 2001. Understanding Mesozoic accretion in Southeast Asia: significance of Triassic thermotectonism (Indosinian orogeny) in Vietnam. Geology 29, 211-214. Castillo, P., Newhall, C., 2004. Geochemical constraints on possible subduction components in lavas of Mayon and Taal volcanoes, southern Luzon, Philippines. Journal of Petrology 45, 1089-1108. Chao, S.-H., Chiou, B., Hsu, C.-C., Lin, P.-S., 2020. A horizontal ground-motion model for crustal and subduction earthquakes in Taiwan. Earthquake Spectra 36, 463-506. Chen, P.F., Su, P.L., Olavere, E.A., Solidum, R.U., Huang, B.S., 2020. Relocation of the April 2017 Batangas, Philippines, earthquake sequence, with tectonic implications. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 31, 273-282. Chiba, K., 2021. Stress state inferred from b value and focal mechanism distributions in the aftershock area of the 2005 West Off Fukuoka prefecture earthquake. Pure and Applied Geophysics 178, 1165-1179. Chiou, B.S.-J., Youngs, R.R., 2014. Update of the Chiou and Youngs NGA model for the average horizontal component of peak ground motion and response spectra. Earthquake Spectra 30, 1117-1153. Das, S., 2015. Supershear Earthquake Ruptures-Theory, Methods, Laboratory Experiments and Fault Superhighways: An Update, Perspectives on European Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. Springer, Cham, pp. 1-20. Davidsen, J., Gu, C., Baiesi, M., 2015. Generalized Omori–Utsu law for aftershock sequences in southern California. Geophysical Journal International 201, 965-978. Defant, M.J., Jacques, D., Maury, R.C., Deboer, J., Joron, J.L., 1989. Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Luzon Arc, Philippines. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 663-672. Di Alessandro, C., Bonilla, L.F., Boore, D.M., Rovelli, A., Scotti, O., 2012. Predominant‐period site classification for response spectra prediction equations in Italy. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102, 680-695. Dinh, T.-H., Chan, Y.-C., Chang, C.-P., Chen, C.-T., Hsu, Y.-C., 2021. Deformation patterns and potential active movements of the Fansipan mountain range, northern Vietnam. International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, 35-51. Dinh, V.T., Harder, S., Huang, B.S., Trinh, V.B., Doan, V.T., Lai, H.P., Tran, A.V., Nguyen, H.Q.T., Nguyen, V.D., 2018. An overview of northern Vietnam deep crustal structures from integrated geophysical observations. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 29, 371-386. Duan, B.V., Duong, N.A., 2017. The relation between fault movement potential and seismic activity of major faults in Northwestern Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences 39, 240-255. Duan, B.V., Thang, N.C., Vuong, N.V., Nguyen, P.D., 2013. The magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Muong La-Bac Yen fault zone. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 35, 53-59. Duong, N.A., Sagiya, T., Kimata, F., To, T.D., Hai, V.Q., Cong, D.C., Binh, N.X., Xuyen, N.D., 2013. Contemporary horizontal crustal movement estimation for northwestern Vietnam inferred from repeated GPS measurements. Earth, planets and space 65, 1399-1410. Eberhart-Phillips, D., Reyners, M., 2001. A complex, young subduction zone imaged by three-dimensional seismic velocity, Fiordland, New Zealand. Geophysical Journal International 146, 731-746. El-Isa, Z.H., Eaton, D.W., 2014. Spatiotemporal variations in the b-value of earthquake magnitude–frequency distributions: Classification and causes. Tectonophysics 615, 1-11. Eyre, T.S., van der Baan, M., 2015. Overview of moment-tensor inversion of microseismic events. The Leading Edge 34, 882-888. Fan, J.K., Wu, S.G., Spence, G., 2015. Tomographic evidence for a slab tear induced by fossil ridge subduction at Manila Trench, South China Sea. International Geology Review 57, 998-1013. Fan, J.K., Zhao, D.P., Dong, D.D., 2016. Subduction of a buoyant plateau at the Manila Trench: Tomographic evidence and geodynamic implications. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 17, 571-586. Fan, J.K., Zhao, D.P., Dong, D.D., Zhang, G.X., 2017. P-wave tomography of subduction zones around the central Philippines and its geodynamic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 146, 76-89. Fitch, T.J., 1972. Plate convergence, transcurrent faults, and internal deformation adjacent to southeast Asia and the western Pacific. Journal of Geophysical research 77, 4432-4460. Gahalaut, K., Tuan, T.A., Purnachandra Rao, N., 2016. Rapid and delayed earthquake triggering by the Song Tranh 2 reservoir, Vietnam. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 106, 2389-2394. Gan, W., Molnar, P., Zhang, P., Xiao, G., Liang, S., Zhang, K., Li, Z., Xu, K., Zhang, L., 2022. Initiation of clockwise rotation and eastward transport of southeastern Tibet inferred from deflected fault traces and GPS observations. GSA Bulletin 134, 1129-1142. Gephart, J.W., 1985. Principal stress directions and the ambiguity in fault plane identification from focal mechanisms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, 621-625. Gill, J., 1981. Orogenic andesites and plate tectonics. Springer Science & Business Media. Gutscher, M.A., Malavieille, J., Lallemand, S., Collot, J.Y., 1999. Tectonic segmentation of the North Andean margin: impact of the Carnegie Ridge collision. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 168, 255-270. Hainzl, S., Marsan, D., 2008. Dependence of the Omori‐Utsu law parameters on main shock magnitude: Observations and modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 113. Hamburger, M.W., Cardwell, R.K., Isacks, B.L., 1983. Seismotectonics of the northern Philippine island arc, The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands: Part 2. American Geophysical Union, pp. 1-22. Havskov J., and Ottemöller L. 1999. SEISAN earthquake analysis software, Seismol. Res. Lett. 70, no. 5, 532-534. Hayes, G.P., Moore, G.L., Portner, D.E., Hearne, M., Flamme, H., Furtney, M., Smoczyk, G.M., 2018. Slab2, a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model. Science 362, 58-61. Hochreiter, S., Schmidhuber, J., 1997. Long short-term memory. Neural Comput 9, 1735-1780. Hollings, P., Wolfe, R., Cooke, D.R., Waters, P.J., 2011. Geochemistry of Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Northern Luzon, Philippines: Evidence for a Back-Arc Setting for Alkalic Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposits and a Case for Slab Roll-Back? Economic Geology 106, 1257-1277. Honglin, H., Hongliu, R., Ikeda, Y., 2006. Uniform strike‐slip rate along the Xianshuihe‐Xiaojiang fault system and its implications for active tectonics in southeastern Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition 80, 376-386. Hsu, Y.J., Yu, S.B., Loveless, J.P., Bacolcol, T., Solidum, R., Luis, A., Pelicano, A., Woessner, J., 2016. Interseismic deformation and moment deficit along the Manila subduction zone and the Philippine Fault system. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 121, 7639-7665. Hsu, Y.J., Yu, S.B., Song, T.R.A., Bacolcol, T., 2012. Plate coupling along the Manila subduction zone between Taiwan and northern Luzon. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 51, 98-108. Hua, Y.J., Zhang, S.X., Li, M.K., Wu, T.F., Zou, C.Y., Liu, L., 2019. Magma system beneath Tengchong volcanic zone inferred from local earthquake seismic tomography. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 377, 1-16. Huang, B.S., Le, T.S., Liu, C.C., Toan, D.V., Huang, W.G., Wu, Y.M., Chen, Y.G., Chang, W.Y., 2009. Portable broadband seismic network in Vietnam for investigating tectonic deformation, the Earth′s interior, and early-warning systems for earthquakes and tsunamis. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 36, 110-118. Huang, H.H., Xu, Z.J., Wu, Y.M., Song, X. and Huang, B.S., 2013. First local seismic tomography for Red River shear zone, northern Vietnam: Stepwise inversion employing crustal P and Pn waves. Tectonophysics, 584, pp.230-239. Huchon, P., Pichon, X.L., Rangin, C., 1994. Indochina Peninsula and the collision of India and Eurasia. Geology 22, 27-30. Hung, T.V., Kiyomiya, O., 2013. Source Parameter Estimation and Stochastic Ground Motion Simulation Based on Recorded Accelerograms in Northwestern Vietnam. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 17, 304-322. Husen, S., Quintero, R., Kissling, E., Hacker, B., 2003. Subduction-zone structure and magmatic processes beneath Costa Rica constrained by local earthquake tomography and petrological modelling. Geophysical Journal International 155, 11-32. Hutchinson, J., Lee, R., Bradley, B., Van Houtte, C., Kaiser, A., Wotherspoon, L., 2021. Development and implications of an expanded national earthquake catalogue for New Zealand. Hutton, L.K., Boore, D.M., 1987. The Ml Scale in Southern-California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, 2074-2094. Huy Minh, L., Tuan Hung, V., Hu, J.-C., Le Minh, N., Huang, B.-S., Chen, H.-Y., Thang, N.C., Thanh, N.H., Mai, N.T., Hong, P.T.T., 2020. Contemporary movement of the Earth′s crust in the Northwestern Vietnam by continuous GPS data. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 42, 334-350. IBST, 2012. TCVN9386 - Design of structures for earthquake resistances, Vietnam. Construction Publishing House: Hanoi, Vietnam, Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology Jego, S., Maury, R.C., Polve, M., Yumul, G.P., Bellon, H., Tamayo, R.A., Cotten, J., 2005. Geochemistry of adakites from the Philippines: Constraints on their origins. Resource Geology 55, 163-187. Jia, S.Q., Eaton, D.W., Wong, R.C., 2018. Stress inversion of shear-tensile focal mechanisms with application to hydraulic fracture monitoring. Geophysical Journal International 215, 546-563. Karig, D.E., 1983. Accreted Terranes in the Northern Part of the Philippine Archipelago. Tectonics 2, 211-236. Karig, D.E., Sarewitz, D.R., Haeck, G.D., 1986. Role of Strike-Slip Faulting in the Evolution of Allochthonous Terranes in the Philippines. Geology 14, 852-855. Kissling, E., Ellsworth, W.L., Eberhartphillips, D., Kradolfer, U., 1994. Initial Reference Models in Local Earthquake Tomography. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 99, 19635-19646. Kissling, E., Kradolfer, U., Maurer, H., 1995. Program VELEST user’s guide-Short Introduction. Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich. Klein, F.W., 2002. User′s guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes. US Geological Survey. Koulakov, I., 2009. LOTOS Code for Local Earthquake Tomographic Inversion: Benchmarks for Testing Tomographic Algorithms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, 194-214. Koulakov, I., 2012. Code LOTOS-10 for 3D tomographic inversion based on passive seismic data from local and regional events. User Manual. Koulakov, I., 2013. Studying deep sources of volcanism using multiscale seismic tomography. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 257, 205-226. Koulakov, I., Smirnov, S.Z., Gladkov, V., Kasatkina, E., West, M., El Khrepy, S., Al-Arifi, N., 2018. Causes of volcanic unrest at Mt. Spurr in 2004-2005 inferred from repeated tomography. Sci Rep 8, 17482. Koulakov, I., Sobolev, S.V., 2006a. Moho depth and three-dimensional P and S structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East derived from tomographic inversion of local ISC data. Geophysical Journal International 164, 218-235. Koulakov, I., Sobolev, S.V., 2006b. A tomographic image of Indian lithosphere break-off beneath the Pamir-Hindukush region. Geophysical Journal International 164, 425-440. Koulakov, I., Vargas, C.A., 2018. Evolution of the Magma Conduit Beneath the Galeras Volcano Inferred From Repeated Seismic Tomography. Geophysical Research Letters 45, 7514-7522. Koulakov, I., Yudistira, T., Luehr, B.-G., 2009. P, S velocity and VP/VS ratio beneath the Toba caldera complex (Northern Sumatra) from local earthquake tomography. Geophysical Journal International 177, 1121-1139. Koulakov, I.Y., Kukarina, E.V., Gordeev, E.I., Chebrov, V.N., Vernikovsky, V.A., 2016. Magma sources in the mantle wedge beneath the volcanoes of the Klyuchevskoy group and Kizimen based on seismic tomography modeling. Russian Geology and Geophysics 57, 82-94. Kuo‐Chen, H., Wu, F.T., Roecker, S.W., 2012. Three‐dimensional P velocity structures of the lithosphere beneath Taiwan from the analysis of TAIGER and related seismic data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 117. Lahr, J.C., 1999. HYPOELLIPSE: A computer program for determining local earthquake hypocentral parameters, magnitude, and first motion pattern. Citeseer. Lai, K.Y., Chen, Y.G., Lam, D.D., 2012. Pliocene-to-present morphotectonics of the Dien Bien Phu fault in northwest Vietnam. Geomorphology 173, 52-68. Lallemand, S., Font, Y., Bijwaard, H., Kao, H., 2001. New insights on 3-D plates interaction near Taiwan from tomography and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics 335, 229-253. Lap, N.K., 1991. The seismotectonics of the Indochina peninsula. Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 6, 55-61. Laske, G., Masters, G., Ma, Z., Pasyanos, M., 2013. Update on CRUST1. 0—A 1-degree global model of Earth’s crust, Geophys. Res. Abstr, p. 2658. Lay, T., Wallace, T.C., 1995. Modern global seismology. Elsevier. LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., 1995. Convolutional networks for images, speech, and time series. The handbook of brain theory and neural networks 3361, 1995. Lee, T.-Y., Lawver, L.A., 1994. Cenozoic plate reconstruction of the South China Sea region. Tectonophysics 235, 149-180. Lee, W.H.K., Lahr, J.C., 1972. HYPO71: A computer program for determining hypocenter, magnitude, and first motion pattern of local earthquakes. US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, National Center for …. Legendre, C.P., Zhao, L., Huang, W.G., Huang, B.S., 2015. Anisotropic Rayleigh-wave phase velocities beneath northern Vietnam. Earth Planets and Space 67, 1-16. Lepvrier, C., Maluski, H., Van Tich, V., Leyreloup, A., Thi, P.T., Van Vuong, N., 2004. The early Triassic Indosinian orogeny in Vietnam (Truong Son Belt and Kontum Massif); implications for the geodynamic evolution of Indochina. Tectonophysics 393, 87-118. Levin, V., Shapiro, N., Park, J., Ritzwoller, M., 2002. Seismic evidence for catastropic slab loss beneath Kamchatka. Nature 418, 763. Li, C., van der Hilst, R.D., 2010. Structure of the upper mantle and transition zone beneath Southeast Asia from traveltime tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 115, n/a-n/a. Li, Y., Hao, M., Song, S., Zhu, L., Cui, D., Zhuang, W., Yang, F., Wang, Q., 2021. Interseismic fault slip deficit and coupling distributions on the Anninghe-Zemuhe-Daliangshan-Xiaojiang fault zone, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, based on GPS measurements. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 219, 104899. Liberty, L., Mikesell, T.D., Wilbur, S., 2021. Data Analysis of the 2020 Central Idaho Mainshock-Aftershock Sequence. Idaho National Lab.(INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States). Lienert B. R., and Havskov J. 1995. A computer program for locating earthquakes both locally and globally, Seismol. Res. Lett. 66, no. 5, 26-36. Lin, T.-H., Lo, C.-H., Chung, S.-L., Wang, P.-L., Yeh, M.-W., Lee, T.-Y., Lan, C.-Y., Vuong, N.V., Anh, T.T., 2009. Jurassic dextral movement along the Dien Bien Phu Fault, NW Vietnam: constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The Journal of Geology 117, 192-199. Liu, M., Zhang, M., Zhu, W.Q., Ellsworth, W.L., Li, H.Y., 2020. Rapid Characterization of the July 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Sequence From Raw Seismic Data Using Machine-Learning Phase Picker. Geophysical Research Letters 47, e2019GL086189. Lomax, A., Michelini, A., Curtis, A., Meyers, R., 2009. Earthquake location, direct, global-search methods. Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science 5, 2449-2473. Lu, N.T., Burmin, V.Y., Hang, P.T.T., Hoan, V.T., Giang, H.T., 2018. Estimation of errors in determination of main parameters of earthquake hypocenter, recorded by the national seismic network of Vietnam. J. Volcanol. Seismol 40, 1-16. Lu, N.T., Rodkin, M., Phuong, T.V., Hang, P.T.T., Quang, N., Hoan, V.T., 2016. Algorithm and program for earthquake prediction based on the geological, geophysical, geomorphological and seismic data. VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 38, 231-241. Mcgeary, S., Nur, A., Benavraham, Z., 1985. Spatial Gaps in Arc Volcanism - the Effect of Collision or Subduction of Oceanic Plateaus. Tectonophysics 119, 195-221. Medvedev, S., Sponheuer, W., 1969. Scale of seismic intensity, Proc. IV World Conference of the Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile, A-2, pp. 143-153. Michael, A.J., 1984. Determination of stress from slip data: faults and folds. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 89, 11517-11526. Michael, A.J., 1987. Use of focal mechanisms to determine stress: a control study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 92, 357-368. Mousavi, S.M., Ellsworth, W.L., Zhu, W., Chuang, L.Y., Beroza, G.C., 2020. Earthquake transformer-an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking. Nat Commun 11, 3952. Mousavi, S.M., Sheng, Y.X., Zhu, W.Q., Beroza, G.C., 2019. STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI. Ieee Access 7, 179464-179476. Münchmeyer, J., Woollam, J., Rietbrock, A., Tilmann, F., Lange, D., Bornstein, T., Diehl, T., Giunchi, C., Haslinger, F., Jozinović, D., 2021. Which picker fits my data? A quantitative evaluation of deep learning based seismic pickers. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.13671. Nakajima, J., Matsuzawa, T., Hasegawa, A., Zhao, D., 2001. Three-dimensional structure of Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs beneath northeastern Japan: Implications for arc magmatism and fluids. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, 21843-21857. Nampally, S., Padhy, S., Dimri, V.P., 2018. Characterizing spatial heterogeneity based on the b-value and fractal analyses of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence. Tectonophysics 722, 154-162. Nguyen, C.N., Huang, B.-S., Duong, N.A., Le, Q.K., Ha, T.G., Van, D.Q., Long, H.V., Chen, P.-F., 2022a. Characteristics of earthquake source and ground motions in Northern Vietnam investigated through the 2020 Moc Chau M5. 0 earthquake sequence. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 105144. Nguyen, C.N., Nguyen, V.D., Ha, T.G., Nguyen, L.M., Huang, B.-S., Nguyen, T.H., Le, Q.K., Nguyen, H.H., 2022b. Automatic earthquake detection and phase picking in Muong Te, Lai Chau region: an application of machine learning in observational seismology in Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences 44, 430-446. Nguyen, H.P., Pham, T.T., Nguyen, T.N., 2019. Investigation of long-term and short-term seismicity in Vietnam. Journal of Seismology 23, 951-966. Nguyen, L.M., Lin, T.-L., Wu, Y.-M., Huang, B.-S., Chang, C.-H., Huang, W.-G., Le, T.S., 2011. The first ML scale for North of Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40, 279-286. Nguyen, L.M., Lin, T.L., Wu, Y.M., Huang, B.S., Chang, C.H., Huang, W.G., Le, T.S., Nguyen, Q.C., Dinh, V.T., 2012. The first peak ground motion attenuation relationships for North of Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 43, 241-253. Nguyen, Q.K., 2010. Landslide hazard assessment in Muong Lay, Vietnam, applying GIS and remote sensing. Nguyen, V.D., Huang, B.S., Lai, Y.C., Nguyen, L.M., Le, T.S., Dinh, V.T., Wen, K.L., Lai, H.P., 2020. Deep crust analysis beneath northern Vietnam by using receiver functions: Implications for SE Asia continental extrusion. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 31, 453-468. Nguyen, V.D., Huang, B.S., Le, T.S., Dinh, V.T., Zhu, L.P., Wen, K.L., 2013. Constraints on the crustal structure of northern Vietnam based on analysis of teleseismic converted waves. Tectonophysics 601, 87-97. Nguyen-Van, H., Van Phong, T., Trinh, P.T., Van Liem, N., Thanh, B.N., Pham, B.T., Bui, D.T., Bieu, N., Vinh, H.Q., Xuyen, N.Q., 2020. Recent tectonics, geodynamics and seismotectonics in the Ninh Thuan Nuclear Power plants and surrounding regions, South Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 187, 104080. Noisagool, S., Boonchaisuk, S., Pornsopin, P., Siripunvaraporn, W., 2016. The regional moment tensor of the 5 May 2014 Chiang Rai earthquake (Mw= 6.5), Northern Thailand, with its aftershocks and its implication to the stress and the instability of the Phayao Fault Zone. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 127, 231-245. Nur, A., Ben-Avraham, Z., 1983. Volcanic gaps due to oblique consumption of aseismic ridges. Tectonophysics 99, 355-362. Ornthammarath, T., Warnitchai, P., Chan, C.H., Wang, Y., Shi, X.H., Nguyen, P.H., Nguyen, L., Kosuwan, S., Thant, M., 2020. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessments for Northern Southeast Asia (Indochina): Smooth seismicity approach. Earthquake Spectra 36, 69-90. Paige, C.C., Saunders, M.A., 1982. Lsqr - an Algorithm for Sparse Linear-Equations and Sparse Least-Squares. Acm Transactions on Mathematical Software 8, 43-71. Pailoplee, S., Charusiri, P., 2017. Analyses of seismic activities and hazards in Laos: A seismicity approach. TAO: Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 28, 8. Pailoplee, S., Choowong, M., 2014. Earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution and fractal dimension in mainland Southeast Asia. Earth Planets and Space 66, 8. Pananont, P., Herman, M., Pornsopin, P., Furlong, K., Habangkaem, S., Waldhauser, F., Wongwai, W., Limpisawad, S., Warnitchai, P., Kosuwan, S., 2017. Seismotectonics of the 2014 Chiang Rai, Thailand, earthquake sequence. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 122, 6367-6388. Parcutela, N.E., Dimalanta, C.B., Armada, L.T., Yumul, G.P., 2020. PHILCRUST3.0: New constraints in crustal growth rate computations for the Philippine arc. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X 4, 100032. Pham, T.T., Nguyen, H.P., 2019. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Hanoi city. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences 41, 321-338. Phan, D., Tokarski, A., Swierczewska, A., Strzelecki, P., Waliczek, M., Krąpiec, M., Cuong, N., 2019. Neotectonic (Miocene to recent) vertical movements in the Lao Cai Basin (Red River Fault Zone, Vietnam): An approach to seismic hazard assessment. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 181, 103885. Phung, V.-B., Loh, C.H., Chao, S.H., Chiou, B.S., Huang, B.-S., 2020. Ground motion prediction equation for crustal earthquakes in Taiwan. Earthquake Spectra, 8755293020919415. Phuong, N.H., 1991. Probabilistic assessment of earthquake hazard in Vietnam based on seismotectonic regionalization. Tectonophysics 198, 81-93. Polat, G., Ozel, N.M., Koulakov, I., 2016. Investigating P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the Marmara region (Turkey) and the surrounding area from local earthquake tomography. Earth Planets and Space 68, 132. Radziminovich, N.A., Miroshnichenko, A.I., Zuev, F.L., 2019. Magnitude of completeness, b-value, and spatial correlation dimension of earthquakes in the South Baikal Basin, Baikal Rift System. Tectonophysics 759, 44-57. Raoof, J., Mukhopadhyay, S., Koulakov, I., Kayal, J.R., 2017. 3-D seismic tomography of the lithosphere and its geodynamic implications beneath the northeast India region. Tectonics 36, 962-980. Rawlinson, N., Fichtner, A., Sambridge, M., Young, M.K., 2014. Seismic tomography and the assessment of uncertainty, Advances in Geophysics. Elsevier, pp. 1-76. Rawlinson, N., Pozgay, S., Fishwick, S., 2010. Seismic tomography: A window into deep Earth. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 178, 101-135. Rawlinson, N., Spakman, W., 2016. On the use of sensitivity tests in seismic tomography. Geophysical Journal International 205, 1221-1243. Replumaz, A., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., Leloup, P., 2001. Large river offsets and Plio‐Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River fault (Yunnan, China). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, 819-836. Rigo, A., Souriau, A., Sylvander, M., 2018. Spatial variations of b-value and crustal stress in the Pyrenees. Journal of Seismology 22, 337-352. Robinson, D.P., Das, S., Searle, M.P., 2010. Earthquake fault superhighways. Tectonophysics 493, 236-243. Rosenbaum, G., Gasparon, M., Lucente, F.P., Peccerillo, A., Miller, M.S., 2008. Kinematics of slab tear faults during subduction segmentation and implications for Italian magmatism. Tectonics 27, n/a-n/a. Rosenbaum, G., Mo, W., 2011. Tectonic and magmatic responses to the subduction of high bathymetric relief. Gondwana Research 19, 571-582. Ross, Z.E., Meier, M.A., Hauksson, E., Heaton, T.H., 2018. Generalized Seismic Phase Detection with Deep Learning. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, 2894-2901. Ruff, L., Kanamori, H., 1980. Seismicity and the subduction process. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 23, 240-252. Salvage, R.O., Eaton, D.W., 2022. The Influence of a Transitional Stress Regime on the Source Characteristics of Induced Seismicity and Fault Activation: Evidence from the 30 November 2018 Fort St. John ML 4.5 Induced Earthquake Sequence. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 112, 1336-1355. Sambridge, M.S., Kennett, B.L., 2001. Seismic event location: nonlinear inversion using a neighbourhood algorithm. Pure and Applied Geophysics 158, 241-257. Schoenball, M., Ellsworth, W.L., 2017. Waveform‐relocated earthquake catalog for Oklahoma and southern Kansas illuminates the regional fault network. Seismological Research Letters 88, 1252-1258. Schoenbohm, L.M., Burchfiel, B.C., Liangzhong, C., Jiyun, Y., 2006. Miocene to present activity along the Red River fault, China, in the context of continental extrusion, upper-crustal rotation, and lower-crustal flow. Geological Society of America Bulletin 118, 672-688. Scholz, C.H., 2015. On the stress dependence of the earthquake b value. Geophysical Research Letters 42, 1399-1402. Schorlemmer, D., Wiemer, S., Wyss, M., 2005. Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes. Nature 437, 539-542. Shen, F., Royden, L.H., Burchfiel, B.C., 2001. Large‐scale crustal deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, 6793-6816. Stein, S., Wysession, M., 2009. An introduction to seismology, earthquakes, and earth structure. John Wiley & Sons. Stephan, J.F., Blanchet, R., Rangin, C., Pelletier, B., Letouzey, J., Muller, C., 1986. Geodynamic Evolution of the Taiwan Luzon Mindoro Belt since the Late Eocene. Tectonophysics 125, 245-268. Stern, R.J., 2002. Subduction zones. Reviews of Geophysics 40, 3-1-3-38. Tadapansawut, T., Yagi, Y., Okuwaki, R., Yamashita, S., Shimizu, K., 2022. Complex rupture process on the conjugate fault system of the 2014 Mw 6.2 Thailand earthquake. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 9, 1-13. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Armijo, R., 1986. On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 19, 113-157. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A., Armijo, R., Cobbold, P., 1982. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology 10, 611-616. Tatsumi, Y., 1989. Migration of fluid phases and genesis of basalt magmas in subduction zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 94, 4697-4707. Tatsumi, Y., Sakuyama, M., Fukuyama, H., Kushiro, I., 1983. Generation of Arc Basalt Magmas and Thermal Structure of the Mantle Wedge in Subduction Zones. Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 5815-5825. Thorkelson, D.J., 1996. Subduction of diverging plates and the principles of slab window formation. Tectonophysics 255, 47-63. To, T.D., Yem, N.T., Cong, D.C., Hai, V.Q., Zuchiewicz, W., Cuong, N.Q., Nghia, N.V., 2013. Recent crustal movements of northern Vietnam from GPS data. Journal of Geodynamics 69, 5-10. Tran, D.T., Nguyen, T.Y., Duong, C.C., Vy, Q.H., Zuchiewicz, W., Nguyen, V.N., 2013. Recent crustal movements of Northern Vietnam from GPS data. Journal of Geodynamics 69, 5-10. Tran, V. H., Kiyomiya, O., 2013. Source Parameter Estimation and Stochastic Ground Motion Simulation Based on Recorded Accelerograms in Northwestern Vietnam. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 17, 304-322. Tran, V.H., Osamu, K., 2012. Ground motion attenuation relationship for shallow strike-Slip earthquakes in Northern Vietnam Based on Strong motion records from Japan, Vietnam and adjacent regions. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)) 68, 509-525. Trinh, P.T., Liem, N.V., Huong, N.V., Vinh, H.Q., Thom, B.V., Thao, B.T., Tan, M.T., Hoang, N., 2012. Late Quaternary tectonics and seismotectonics along the Red River fault zone, North Vietnam. Earth-Science Reviews 114, 224-235. Tuan, T.A., Purnachandra Rao, N., Gahalaut, K., Trong, C.D., Van Dung, L., Chien, C., Mallika, K., 2017. Evidence that earthquakes have been triggered by reservoir in the Song Tranh 2 region, Vietnam. Journal of Seismology 21, 1131-1143. Tuyen, N.H., Lu, N.T., 2012. Recognition of earthquake-prone nodes, a case study for North Vietnam (M⩾ 5.0). Geodesy and Geodynamics 3, 14-26. Um, J., Thurber, C., 1987. A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, 972-986. Utsu, T., Ogata, Y., Matsuura, R.S., 1995. The centenary of the Omori formula for a decay law of aftershock activity. Journal of Physics of the Earth 43, 1-33. Vackar, J., Burjanek, J., Gallovic, F., Zahradnik, J., Clinton, J., 2017. Bayesian ISOLA: new tool for automated centroid moment tensor inversion. Geophysical Journal International 210, 693-705. Van Der Sluis, A., Van der Vorst, H., 1987. Numerical solution of large, sparse linear algebraic systems arising from tomographic problems, Seismic tomography. Springer, pp. 49-83. Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., Uszkoreit, J., Jones, L., Gomez, A.N., Kaiser, Ł., Polosukhin, I., 2017. Attention is all you need, Advances in neural information processing systems, pp. 5998-6008. Vavrycuk, V., 2014. Iterative joint inversion for stress and fault orientations from focal mechanisms, Geophysical Journal International, 199, 69-77. Vavryčuk, V., Beer, M., Kougioumtzoglou, I., Patelli, E., Au, I., 2015. Earthquake mechanisms and stress field. Encyclopedia of earthquake engineering, 728-746. Venzke, E., Wunderman, R., McClelland, L., Simkin, T., Luhr, J., Siebert, L., Mayberry, G., Sennert, S., 2002. Global volcanism, 1968 to the present. Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series, GVP-4 (http://www. volcano. si. edu/reports/). Vogt, P., 1973. Subduction and aseismic ridges. Nature 241, 189-191. Wadati, K., Oki, S., 1933. On the travel time of earthquake waves.(Part II). Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 11, 14-28. Waldhauser, F., 2001. hypoDD-A Program to Compute Double-Difference Hypocenter Locations, Open-File Report, Version 1.0 ed. Waldhauser, F., Ellsworth, W.L., 2000. A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward fault, California. Bulletin of the seismological society of America 90, 1353-1368. Wan, Y.G., Sheng, S.Z., Huang, J.C., Li, X., Chen, X., 2016. The Grid Search Algorithm of Tectonic Stress Tensor Based on Focal Mechanism Data and Its Application in the Boundary Zone of China, Vietnam and Laos. Journal of Earth Science 27, 777-785. Wang, E., Burchfiel, B.C., 2000. Late Cenozoic to Holocene deformation in southwestern Sichuan and adjacent Yunnan, China, and its role in formation of the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 413-423. Wang, F., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Shen, Z.-K., 2015. Earthquake potential of the Sichuan-Yunnan region, western China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 107, 232-243. Wang, H., Wright, T., Biggs, J., 2009. Interseismic slip rate of the northwestern Xianshuihe fault from InSAR data. Geophysical Research Letters 36. Wang, J.C., Li, T.Y., Gu, Y.J., Schultz, R., Yusifbayov, J., Zhang, M., 2020. Sequential Fault Reactivation and Secondary Triggering in the March 2019 Red Deer Induced Earthquake Swarm. Geophysical Research Letters 47, e2020GL090219. Wang, M., Shen, Z.K., 2020. Present‐day crustal deformation of continental China derived from GPS and its tectonic implications. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125, e2019JB018774. Wang, R., Chang, Y., Miao, M., Zeng, Z., Chen, H., Shi, H., Li, D., Liu, L., Su, Y., Han, P., 2021. Assessing earthquake forecast performance based on b value in Yunnan Province, China. Entropy 23, 730. Wang, Y., Zhang, B., Hou, J., Xu, X., 2014. Structure and tectonic geomorphology of the Qujiang fault at the intersection of the Ailao Shan–Red River fault and the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault system, China. Tectonophysics 634, 156-170. Wen, S., Yeh, Y.L., Tang, C.C., Phong, L.H., Toan, D.V., Chang, W.Y., Chen, C.H., 2015. The tectonic structure of the Song Ma fault zone, Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 107, 26-34. Wiemer, S., 2001. A software package to analyze seismicity: ZMAP. Seismological Research Letters 72, 373-382. Wiemer, S., Katsumata, K., 1999. Spatial variability of seismicity parameters in aftershock zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 104, 13135-13151. Wolfe, C.J., 2002. On the mathematics of using difference operators to relocate earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 92, 2879-2892. Wright, C., Kuo, B.Y., 2007. Evidence for an elevated 410 km discontinuity below the Luzon, Philippines region and transition zone properties using seismic stations in Taiwan and earthquake sources to the south. Earth Planets and Space 59, 523-539. Wu, W.J., Wen, S., Tang, C.C., Yeh, Y.L., Lai, H.P., Dinh, V., Chen, C.H., 2018a. Seismogenic Structures in the Ma River Fault Zone, Vietnam: Insights from Focal Mechanisms of Microearthquakes and Local Stress States. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, 3260-3269. Wu, Y.M., Chen, S.K., Huang, T.C., Huang, H.H., Chao, W.A., Koulakov, I., 2018b. Relationship between earthquake b‐values and crustal stresses in a young orogenic belt. Geophysical Research Letters 45, 1832-1837. Wyss, M., Hasegawa, A., Nakajima, J., 2001. Source and path of magma for volcanoes in the subduction zone of northeastern Japan. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 1819-1822. Xi, L., Yongkang, R., Lichun, C., Fuyao, W., Xinquan, M., Jun, C., 2015. Late Quaternary large earthquakes on the Western branch of the Xiaojiang fault and their tectonic implications. Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition 89, 1516-1530. Xiao, Z.W., Wang, J., Liu, C., Li, J., Zhao, L., Yao, Z.X., 2021. Siamese Earthquake Transformer: A Pair-Input Deep-Learning Model for Earthquake Detection and Phase Picking on a Seismic Array. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea 126, e2020JB021444. Yang, T.F., Lee, T., Chen, C.H., Cheng, S.N., Knittel, U., Punongbayan, R.S., Rasdas, A.R., 1996. A double island arc between Taiwan and Luzon: Consequence of ridge subduction. Tectonophysics 258, 85-101. Yang, Z., Dai, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., 2022. Rupture process and aftershock mechanisms of the 2022 Luding M6. 8 earthquake in Sichuan, China. Earthquake Science 35, 1-2. You, S.H., Gung, Y., Lin, C.H., Konstantinou, K.I., Chang, T.M., Chang, E.T.Y., Solidum, R., 2013. A preliminary seismic study of Taal Volcano, Luzon Island Philippines. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 65, 100-106. Yu, S.B., Hsu, Y.J., Bacolcol, T., Yang, C.C., Tsai, Y.C., Solidum, R., 2013. Present-day crustal deformation along the Philippine Fault in Luzon, Philippines. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 65, 64-74. Yumul, G.P., Dimalanta, C., Bellon, H., Faustino, D.V., De Jesus, J.V., Tamayo, R.A., Jumawan, F.T., 2000. Adakitic lavas in the Central Luzon back‐arc region, Philippines: lower crust partial melting products? Island Arc 9, 499-512. Yumul, G.P., Dimalanta, C.B., Gabo-Ratio, J.A.S., Queaño, K.L., Armada, L.T., Padrones, J.T., Faustino-Eslava, D.V., Payot, B.D., Marquez, E.J., 2020. Mesozoic rock suites along western Philippines: Exposed proto-South China Sea fragments? Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X 4, 100031. Zhao, D., 2015. Multiscale seismic tomography. Springer. Zhao, D.P., Asamori, K., Iwamori, H., 2000. Seismic structure and magmatism of the young Kyushu subduction zone. Geophysical Research Letters 27, 2057-2060. Zhao, J.X., Irikura, K., Zhang, J., Fukushima, Y., Somerville, P.G., Asano, A., Ohno, Y., Oouchi, T., Takahashi, T., Ogawa, H., 2006. An empirical site-classification method for strong-motion stations in Japan using H/V response spectral ratio. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96, 914-925. Zhao, L.-S., Helmberger, D.V., 1994. Source estimation from broadband regional seismograms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, 91-104. Zhou, L., Zhao, C., Zhang, M., Xu, L., Cui, R., Zhao, C., Duan, M., Luo, J., 2022. Machine-learning-based earthquake locations reveal the seismogenesis of the 2020 Mw 5.0 Qiaojia, Yunnan earthquake. Geophysical Journal International 228, 1637-1647. Zhu, L., Ben-Zion, Y., 2013. Parametrization of general seismic potency and moment tensors for source inversion of seismic waveform data. Geophysical Journal International 194, 839-843. Zhu, L., Helmberger, D.V., 1996. Advancement in source estimation techniques using broadband regional seismograms. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, 1634-1641. Zhu, L., Rivera, L.A., 2002. A note on the dynamic and static displacements from a point source in multilayered media. Geophysical Journal International 148, 619-627. Zhu, W.Q., Beroza, G.C., 2019. PhaseNet: a deep-neural-network-based seismic arrival-time picking method. Geophysical Journal International 216, 261-273. Zuchiewicz, W., Cuong, N.Q., Bluszcz, A., Michalik, M., 2004. Quaternary sediments in the Dien Bien Phu fault zone, NW Vietnam: a record of young tectonic processes in the light of OSL-SAR dating results. Geomorphology 60, 269-302. Zuchiewicz, W., Cuong, N.Q., Zasadni, J., Yem, N.T., 2013. Late Cenozoic tectonics of the Red River Fault Zone, Vietnam, in the light of geomorphic studies. Journal of Geodynamics 69, 11-30.
指導教授	黃柏壽陳伯飛(Bor-Shouh Huang Po-Fei Chen)	審核日期	2023-7-10
推文	facebook plurk twitter funp google live udn HD myshare reddit netvibes friend youpush delicious baidu
網路書籤	Google bookmarks del.icio.us hemidemi myshare

博碩士論文 104690608 詳細資訊