Searches for Higgs pair production and probing the Higgs self-couplings in the HH→bbττ decay channel at the ATLAS Experiment and performance studies for the High-Granularity Timing Detector for ATLAS phase-2 upgrade

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李杉拉(Shahzad Ali) 查詢紙本館藏

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(Searches for Higgs pair production and probing the Higgs self-couplings in the HH→bbττ decay channel at the ATLAS Experiment and performance studies for the High-Granularity Timing Detector for ATLAS phase-2 upgrade)

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摘要(中)

這項研究聚焦於在 CERN 大型強子對撞機（LHC）由 ATLAS 探測器記錄的質心能量為 13 TeV 的質子-質子碰撞中，使用 140 fb−1 數據尋找 H H → b¯b τ+τ− 非共振希格斯玻色子對產生的信號。分析策略旨在探測希格斯玻色子 κλ 和四重 H H V V (V = W, Z ) 交互作用強度 κ2V 的異常值。然而，在標準模型 (SM) 預期的背景中未觀察到顯著超出的訊號。在 95% 的信心水準下，觀測到的 (期望的) 雙希格斯玻色子的產生率上限為標準模型預測的 5.9 (3.1) 倍。在假設所有其他希格斯玻色子交互作用固定為標準模型預測的情况下，交互作用強度被限制在觀測到的 (期望的) 95% 信賴區間 −3.2 < κλ < 9.1 (−2.4 < κλ < 9.2) −0.5 < κ2V < 2.7(−0.2 < κ2V < 2.4) 内。該研究還包括使用在 2018 年至 2019 年在 CERN SPS 和 DESY 收集的測試數據，對具有 50 μ m 有效厚度的低增益雪崩探測器 (LGADs) 進行性能評估，重點關注 ATLAS 第二階段升级的高粒度定時探測器 (HGTD)。HGTD 旨在通過精確測量軌跡時間，分辨率約為 30 ps 到 50 ps, 提高粒子-頂點分配的精度，從而減輕 LHC 高亮度運行期間的堆積效應。

摘要(英)

This study focuses on searches for non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the HH → b¯bτ+τ− channel using 140 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large
Hadron Collider (LHC). The analysis strategy aims to probe anomalous values of the Higgs boson (H) self-coupling modifier κλ and quartic HHV V (V = W,Z) coupling modifier κ2V. However, No significant excess above the expected background from Standard Model (SM) processes is observed. Observed (expected) upper limit at 95% confidence-level on the di-Higgs boson production rate is set at 5.9 (3.1) times the SM prediction. The coupling modifiers are constrained
within an observed (expected) 95% confidence interval of −3.2 < κλ < 9.1 (−2.4 < κλ < 9.2) and −0.5 < κ2V < 2.7 (−0.2 < κ2V < 2.4), assuming all other Higgs boson couplings are fixed to the Standard Model prediction. The study also includes performance evaluations of Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) with a 50 μm active thickness using testbeam data collected at CERN SPS and DESY between 2018 and 2019, focusing on the High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) for the ATLAS phase-2 upgrade. The HGTD aims to enhance particle-vertex assignments by precisely measuring track time with resolutions ranging from approximately 30 ps to 50 ps, thereby mitigating pile-up effects during the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC operations.

論文目次

Contents
Acknowledgments xi
1 The Standard Model and the Higgs boson 1
1.1 Particles in the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Matter Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Gauge Bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Higgs Boson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Gauge Theories in the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Feynman Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Renormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 Electroweak Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking and The Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Symmetries of the vacuum state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Gauge boson masses and the Higgs boson . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Fermion Masses and Yukawa Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 The Higgs Boson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5.1 Higgs Production Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5.2 Higgs Decay Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5.3 SM Higgs boson pair production at the LHC . . . . . . . . 26
1.6 Limitations of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 The ATLAS detector at the LHC 33
2.1 The Large Hadron Collider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.1 LHC Machine Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.2 The Operational Timetable of the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 Simulations and proton-proton process in physics . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.1 Physics of pp collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3 The ATLAS detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4 ATLAS Coordinate Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4.1 The ATLAS Magnetic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.2 Inner detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Pixel detector and the insertable B-Layer (IBL) . . . . . . . 49
SCT: SemiConductor Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
TRT: Transition Radiation Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Hadronic Calorimeter (HCal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4.3 Trigger System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3 Physics objects reconstruction in ATLAS 59
3.1 Track and vertex reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.2 Electron reconstruction and Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3 Muon reconstruction and Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4 Jet reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.1 Identification of b-jets: b-tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Muon-in-jet and the PtReco corrections . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5 Missing transverse energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 Reconstruction and identification of τ leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.6.1 τ leptonic decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.6.2 Hadronic Decays of τ Leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
xivSeed jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Vertex Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Track selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Energy calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.7 Reconstruction of Di-Tau Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4 Searches for Higgs bosons pair production in the b¯bτ +τ− final state with
140 fb−1 of 13 TeV pp collision data in ATLAS 81
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2 Data and Monte Carlo samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.1 Signal samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2.2 Background samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3 Object selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.4 Overlap Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.5 Event selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.5.1 τlepτhad event selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.5.2 τhadτhad event selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.6 Event Categorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.7 Z+HF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.8 Background estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.8.1 tt¯Background Estimations with true-τhad Candidates . . . 102
4.8.2 Background with a jet misidentified as a τhad in the τlepτhad
channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Fake Factor Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
tt¯background reweighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Fake factor calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fake factor method validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.8.3 Fake- τhad-vis background in the τhad τhad channel . . . . . 113
Fake- τhad-vis background from multi-jet production . . . . 113
Fake-τhad-vis Background from Multi-jet Production . . . . 113
Fake- τhad-vis background from tt¯production . . . . . . . . 117
4.9 Multivariate analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.10 Introduction to Boosted Decision Trees (BDT) . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.10.1 General MVA and optimisation strategy . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Folding strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Optimization of Hyperparameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Selection of Input Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.11 bbτ τ -Analysis MVA strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.11.1 ggF/VBF BDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Kinematic variable optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Hyperparameter optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.11.2 Signal region MVA Discriminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
τhadτhad pre-fit MVA variables modelling . . . . . . . . . . 134
τlepτhad-SLT pre-fit MVA variables modelling . . . . . . . . 134
τlepτhad-LTT pre-fit MVA variables modelling . . . . . . . . 134
4.12 Systematic uncertainities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.12.1 Experimental uncertiainities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Luminosity and pile-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Trigger requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Jets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
b-tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
τhad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Background Modeling Uncertainties for MC-Based Processes143
Uncertainties on tt¯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Uncertainties for Z + HF Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.12.2 Uncertainties in Signal Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Estimates for Other MC-Based Backgrounds . . . . . . . . 147
4.13 Data-driven background modelling uncertianities . . . . . . . . . 147
4.13.1 Processes with fake- τhad candidates in the τlep τhad channel 147
4.13.2 Processes with fake- τhad candidates in the τhad τhad channel 148
Modelling of the multijet background . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Modeling of the tt¯ Background with Simulated τhad Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.14 Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.14.1 Profile Likelihood Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Exclusion Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.15 Fit Model for HH → b
¯bτ +τ
− . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.15.1 Binning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.15.2 Z+HF CR fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5 Results and Future Prospects 161
5.1 bbτlepτhad channel results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.2 bbτhadτhad channel results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.3 Combined Results for b
¯bτ +τ
− analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.4 Future prospects of the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6 ATLAS upgrade for HL-LHC: Performance evaluation of Low Gain Avalanche
Diodes for the High Granularity Timing Detector 173
6.1 The High Luminosity upgrade program for LHC . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.2 The Next Phase: ATLAS Upgrade with High-Granularity Timing
Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2.1 Preparing ATLAS for the future – The ATLAS phase 2 upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.2.2 The High-Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in ATLAS
Phase 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.3 Performance Evaluation of the Low Gain Avalanche Detectors in
Test Beam at CERN and DESY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.4 Sensor Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.5 Low Gain Avalanche Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.5.1 Radiation Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.5.2 I-V and C-V Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.6 Experimental Setups for Test Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.6.1 Waveform Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.6.2 Track Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.7 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.7.1 Collected Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.7.2 Charge Uniformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
6.7.3 Time Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

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指導教授

李世昌(Shih-Chang Lee)

審核日期

2024-1-15

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