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姓名	陳則元(Tze Yuan Chen)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	地球科學學系
論文名稱	閃電化石的生成與蝕變—以金門花崗片麻岩上的閃電熔岩為例 (The Formation and Alteration of Lightning Fossil—A Case Study of Fulgurite on Granitic Gneiss in Kinmen)
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檔案	[Endnote RIS 格式]    [Bibtex 格式]    [相關文章]   [文章引用]   [完整記錄]   [館藏目錄]   至系統瀏覽論文 (2029-6-1以後開放)
摘要(中)	閃電熔岩為閃電雷擊地面後形成的產物。由於閃電可產生具高溫高壓特徵的變質作用，研究閃電熔岩有特殊的科學價值。雲對地閃電發生的頻率約為每秒十次，但相關研究相對稀少，尤其是雷擊於岩石上形成的岩石閃電熔岩。本研究藉由2018年在金門太武山花崗片麻岩上生成的閃電熔岩以及附近大片暴露岩石上的風化閃電熔岩殘跡，利用微觀構造、礦物相、化學成分分析、以及水熱實驗等方法，探討岩石閃電熔岩的生成與蝕變。我們的結果顯示，僅0.03%的閃電傳至地面能量能形成岩石閃電熔岩，暗示能量不大的閃電，難以形成可被觀察的閃電熔岩。另外，閃電熔岩在冷卻過程時若接觸到雨水會快速蝕變，說明閃電熔岩的保存困難。水熱蝕變實驗與模擬顯示，在金門的天氣會在一千年內讓兩百微米的閃電熔岩消失殆盡。本研究深入探討了岩石閃電熔岩的生成和蝕變過程，為閃電熔岩研究的重要性及其潛在應用提供了重要的基礎，還顯示了其在地質高溫高壓變質作用的獨特研究價值。
摘要(英)	Fulgurites are formed by lightning strikes on the ground. Due to the lightning-induced high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphism, the study of fulgurites holds significant scientific value. Despite cloud-to-ground lightning occurring at a rate of approximately ten times per second, research on fulgurites, particularly those formed on rocks, is relatively rare. This study investigates the formation and alteration of rock fulgurites using samples from the Tawushan granitic gneiss in Kinmen, including fulgurites formed in 2018 and altered fulgurite remnants on nearby exposed rock surfaces. We employed microstructural characterization, mineralogical investigations, chemical composition analyses, and hydrothermal experiments. Our results indicate that less than 0.03% of the lightning energy that conducted to the ground is utilized in generating rock fulgurites, making it challenging for low-energy lightning to form noticeable fulgurites. Moreover, fulgurites undergo rapid alteration when exposed to rainwater during cooling, posing significant preservation challenges. The hydrothermal alteration experiments and modeling suggest that under Kinmen′s weather conditions, a glassy layer with a thickness of 200 µm would completely dissolve within a thousand years. This study offers a detailed exploration of the formation and alteration processes of rock fulgurites, laying a crucial foundation for understanding the importance and potential applications of fulgurite research and highlighting their unique research value in high-temperature and high-pressure geological metamorphism.
關鍵字(中)	★ 閃電熔岩 ★ 閃電 ★ 蝕變	關鍵字(英)	★ Fulgurite ★ Lightning ★ Alteration
論文目次	Chinese Abstract i English Abstract iii Acknowledgments v Table of Contents vii List of Figures ix List of Tables xiii Explanation of Symbols xv Chapter I Introduction 1 1-1 Research Motivation 1 1-2 Different Types of Glasses 4 1-3 Lightning-induced Glass: Fulgurite 6 1-3-1 Lightning 7 1-3-2 Discovery, Definition, and Taxonomy 8 1-3-3 Classification 10 1-3-3-1 Natural/artificial/anthropogenic Fulgurite 10 1-3-3-2 Clasto/petro/phytofulgurite 14 1-3-3-3 Sand/soil/caliche/rock/droplet Fulgurite 14 1-3-3-4 Unclassified Fulgurite 24 1-3-3-5 Not Fulgurite: Analogues 28 1-3-4 Characteristics 36 1-3-4-1 High-temperature 36 1-3-4-2 Reduction 39 1-3-4-3 Vesicular and Flow Structure 41 1-3-4-4 High-pressure 43 1-3-4-5 Magnetization 45 1-3-5 Applications and Implications 47 1-3-5-1 Lightning Properties 47 1-3-5-2 Uncommon Materials 48 1-3-5-3 Origin of Life 49 1-3-5-4 Proxies of Shock Metamorphism 50 1-3-5-5 Paleoecology Reconstruction 52 1-3-5-6 Weathering 53 1-3-5-7 Ball Lightning 53 1-3-5-8 Forensics 54 1-3-5-9 Religious Ritual 54 1-3-5-10 Arts 54 1-3-5-11 Exhibitions and Collections 55 1-3-6 Literature Statistics 56 1-4 Research Goals 58 Chapter II Study Area, Material, and Method 61 2-1 Study area 61 2-1-1 Geological Background 62 2-1-2 Climate 64 2-2 Lightning Events and Materials 67 2-2-1 Lightning Detection Systems 67 2-2-2 Lightning Characteristics and Distribution in Taiwan 68 2-2-3 The Thunderstorm in Kinmen 72 2-2-4 Field Observation 73 2-2-5 Sample Source 79 2-3 Analytical Methods 79 2-3-1 Sample Preparation 80 2-3-2 Optical Microscopy (OM) 81 2-3-3 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) 82 2-3-4 Projection X-ray Microscopy (PXM) 82 2-3-5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 83 2-3-6 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 84 2-3-7 Synchrotron In-situ X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 84 2-3-8 Raman Spectroscopy 85 2-3-9 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) 87 2-3-10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 88 Chapter III The Formation of Rock Fulgurite 91 3-1 Introduction 91 3-2 Results 92 3-2-1 Field Observation 92 3-2-2 Optical Microscopy 95 3-2-3 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 98 3-2-4 Projection X-ray Microscopy 99 3-2-5 Scanning Electron Microscopy 100 3-2-6 Transmission Electron Microscopy 108 3-2-7 Synchrotron In-situ X-ray Diffraction 109 3-2-8 Raman Spectroscopy 110 3-2-9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 111 3-3 Discussion 113 3-3-1 The Occurrence of Fulgurite 113 3-3-2 Hydrothermal Alteration of the Fulgurite 114 3-3-3 The Production Efficiency of the Fulgurite 116 3-4 Conclusion 118 Chapter IV The Alteration of Rock Fulgurite 119 4-1 Introduction 119 4-2 Alteration Experimental Setup 120 4-3 Results 122 4-3-1 Field Observation of Weathering Pits and Fulgurite Remnants 122 4-3-2 Experimental Altered Sample Description 123 4-3-3 Optical Microscopy 124 4-3-4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 125 4-3-5 Synchrotron In-situ X-ray Diffraction 130 4-3-6 Raman Spectroscopy 131 4-3-7 Transmission Electron Microscopy 132 4-3-8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer 133 4-4 Discussion 134 4-4-1 Alteration Process 134 4-4-2 Alteration Rate 135 4-4-3 Alteration Evolution 136 4-5 Conclusion 137 Chapter V Conclusion 139 5-1 Implication 139 5-2 Limitations and Future Work 139 Bibliography 141 Appendix A Chemical Composition of Tws Granitic Gneiss 161 Appendix B Field Record Points 163 Appendix C Rainwater Composition 169 Appendix D CG Lightning Data 173 Appendix E Cores of Tws Granitic Gneiss 177 Appendix F Weathering Pits With Scorch Mark 183
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指導教授	郭力維(Li-Wei Kuo)	審核日期	2024-7-16
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