應用於 Ku 頻段瓦特級功率放大器模組暨 Ka 頻 段 CMOS 無切換器輻射接收機之研製

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蘇昱嘉(Yu-Chia Su) 查詢紙本館藏

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電機工程學系

論文名稱

應用於 Ku 頻段瓦特級功率放大器模組暨 Ka 頻段 CMOS 無切換器輻射接收機之研製
(Design of a Watt-level Power Amplifier Module for Ku-band and a Switchless Radiometer Receiver in CMOS Process for Ka-band)

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摘要(中)

在本論文中展示了多個微波及毫米波電路，包含一個以 Rogers4003C-FR4 混合的四
層印刷電路板（PCB）製程實現的 Ku 頻段瓦特級功率放大器模組、一個使用穩懋 E-mode
GaAs 0.15-µm PIN-HEMT 製程的 Ka 頻段低雜訊放大器（LNA）、一個使用台積電 90 奈
米 CMOS 製程的 Ka 頻段低雜訊放大器（LNA）、以及一個使用台積電 90 奈米 CMOS 製
程的無切換器輻射接收機。
在第二章中，設計了一個以 Rogers4003C-FR4 混合的四層印刷電路板（PCB）製程
實現的 Ku 頻段瓦特級功率放大器模組。此功率放大器模組實現了最高 25 dB 的小訊號
增益，3-dB 頻寬範圍為 14.3 至 18.7 GHz。該功率放大器模組還實現了 2 dBm 的輸入 1-
dB 增益壓縮點、最高 12.3%的功率附加效率（PAE）以及 32 dBm 的輸出飽和功率。此
外，本章還提出了使用單偏壓技術的功率放大器模組，以化簡系統的複雜性。採用單偏
壓的功率放大器模組在小訊號及大訊號特性上能保持與原始多偏壓設計性能近乎相同。
在第三章中，提出了一個使用穩懋 E-mode GaAs 0.15-µm PIN-HEMT 製程並採用電
阻-電感-電容回授技術的 Ka 頻段低雜訊放大器。通過使用疊接結構和電阻-電感-電容回
授技術，在保持高增益和寬頻的同時，解決了疊接架構穩定度的問題。此低雜訊放大器
在 31.2 GHz 頻率下有最高的小訊號增益 22.9 dB，並在 29 GHz 的頻率下實現了最低的
雜訊指數 2.7 dB。此低雜訊放大器還實現了-5 dBm 的輸入三階截點（IP3）和 17 dBm 的
輸出三階截點（IP3）。整體電路晶片面積為 1.05 mm2。
在第四章中，提出了一個使用台積電 90 奈米 CMOS 製程且基於電流再利用架構及
變壓器耦合的 Ka 頻段低雜訊放大器，並採用了正偏壓基體偏壓技術。使用互感係數為
0.3 的中心抽頭變壓器來提高小訊號增益，此變壓器用於第一級電路的汲極和第二級電
路的源極。該低雜訊放大器在 25.3 GHz 頻率下實現了最高 12 dB 的小訊號增益，3-dB
頻寬範圍為 22.7 至 30.7 GHz。該雜訊放大器在 25 GHz 頻率下實現了最低 3.5 dB 的雜
訊指數。此外，正偏壓基體偏壓技術被用來提升低雜訊放大器的線性度，並且實現了 5.1
ii
dBm 的輸入三階截斷點（IIP3）和 17.3 dBm 的輸出三階截斷點（OIP3）。此低雜訊放大
器的整體電路晶片面積為 0.49 mm2。
在第五章中，提出了一個使用台積電 90 奈米 CMOS 製程的無切換器輻射接收機。
此輻射接收機由兩級切換式低雜訊放大器、主動式巴倫和平方律功率偵測器組成。兩級
低雜訊放大器作為 SPDT 開關運作，但消除了傳統切換器所造成的高損耗的特性。由於
平方律功率偵測器需要差動輸入，因此使用主動式巴倫提供一個相位差 180 度的輸入訊
號。平方律功率偵測器採用差動結構，相較於單端結構可獲得更高的響應度。兩級低雜
訊放大器在 30.3 GHz 頻率下實現了最高 17.3 dB 的小訊號增益，並在 30 GHz 頻率下實
現了最低 4.3 dB 的雜訊指數。輻射接收機在 30 GHz 頻率下實現了最高 1.6 MV/W 的響
應度和最低 1.3 fW/√Hz 的雜訊等效功率。此外，輻射接收機可以解調輸入 30 GHz 且開
關速度高達 2 GHz 的訊號。整體輻射接收機的晶片面積為 1.24 mm2。

摘要(英)

Several microwave and millimeter-wave circuits including a watt-level Ku-band power
amplifier module in Rogers4003C-FR4 based four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) process, a
Ka-band low noise amplifier (LNA) in E-mode GaAs 0.15-µm PIN-HEMT monolithic process,
a Ka-band low noise amplifier (LNA) in 90-nm CMOS process, a switchless radiometer
receiver in 90-nm CMOS process are presented in this thesis.
In Chapter 2, a Ku-band watt-level power amplifier module is designed in a Rogers4003CFR4 based four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) process. The power amplifier module
achieves a maximum small-signal gain of 25 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth ranging from 14.3 to
18.7 GHz. The power amplifier module also achieves an input P1dB of 2 dBm, a peak PAE of
12.3 %, and an output saturated power of 32 dBm. Additionally, the power amplifier module
using the single-bias technique is proposed to reduce the complexity in this Chapter. The power
amplifier module using a single-bias technique maintains approximately the same performance
compared with the power amplifier module with multiple biases.
In Chapter 3, a Ka-band LNA with R-L-C feedback technique in WIN E-mode GaAs 0.15-
µm PIN-HEMT process is presented. By employing cascode structure and the R-L-C feedback
technique, the circuit maintains high gain and wider bandwidth while addressing stability issues.
The LNA achieves a maximum small-signal gain of 22.9 dB at a frequency of 31.2 GHz, and it
achieves a minimum noise figure of 2.7 dB at a frequency of 29 GHz. The LNA also achieves
an input IP3 of -5 dBm, and an output IP3 of 17 dBm. The total chip size of the LNA is 1.05
mm2
.
In Chapter 4, a Ka-band current-reused-transformer-based LNA with forward bodybiasing technique in TSMC GUTM 90-nm CMOS process is presented. A center-tapped
transformer with a mutual coefficient of 0.3 is used to improve small-signal gain and is realized
iv
at the drain in the first stage and the source in the second stage. The LNA achieves a maximum
small-signal gain of 12 dB at a frequency of 25.3 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth from 22.7 to 30.7
GHz. The LNA achieves a minimum noise figure of 3.5 dB at a frequency of 25 GHz.
Additionally, the forward-body biasing technique is employed to enhance the linearity of the
Ka-band LNA, achieving an input IP3 of 5.1 dBm and an output IP3 of 17.3 dBm at a frequency
of 30 GHz. The total chip size of the LNA is 0.49 mm2
.
In Chapter 5, a switchless radiometer receiver in TSMC GUTM 90-nm CMOS process is
presented. The radiometer consists of a two-stage LNA, an active balun, and a square-law power
detector. The two-stage LNA, acts as a SPDT switch, but eliminates the lossy characteristics of
switches. An active balun is employed due to the requirement of a differential input of the
square-law power detector. The square-law power detector adopts differential structure, which
can achieve higher responsivity compared to the single structure. The two-stage LNA achieves
a maximum small-signal gain of 17.3 dB at a frequency of 30.3 GHz and a minimum noise
figure of 4.3dB at a frequency of 30 GHz in both the signal and the reference path. The
radiometer receiver achieves a maximum responsivity of 1.6 MV/W and a minimum noise
equivalent power of 1.3 fW/√Hz at a frequency of 30 GHz. Additionally, the radiometer receiver
can demodulate a 30 GHz input signal with a switching speed of up to 2 GHz. The total chip
size of the radiometer receiver is 1.24 mm2
.

關鍵字(中)

★ 毫米波
★ 功率放大器模組
★ 低雜訊放大器
★ 輻射接收機
★ 砷化鎵
★ 金屬氧化物半導體

關鍵字(英)

★ Millimeter-wave
★ Power Amplifier Module
★ Low Noise Amplifier
★ Radiometer Receiver
★ Gallium Arsenide
★ CMOS

論文目次

中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
誌謝 v
Content vi
List of Figures x
List of Tables xxxiv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivations and Backgrounds 1
1.2 Literature Survey 2
1.3 Contributions 3
1.3.1 A Ku-band Watt-Level Power Amplifier Module 4
1.3.2 A Ka-band Low Noise Amplifier using R-L-C Feedback technique 4
1.3.3 Ka-band current-reused Transformer-Based Low Noise Amplifier 6
1.3.4 Ka-band Radiometer Receiver 6
1.4 Organizations of The Thesis 7
Chapter 2 Design of a Ku-band Watt-Level GaAs Power Amplifier Module Using Single-bias Technique 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Commercial IC HMC6981LS6 9
2.3 Rogers4003C and FR4 Compound Four-layer PCB Process 9
2.4 Design and Implementation of Power Amplifier Module 10
2.4.1 RF Characteristics Design and Considerations 10
2.4.2 Implementation of Ku-band Power Amplifier Module 18
2.5 Measurement Results of Power Amplifier Module 27
2.6 DC Bias Conversion of the Power Amplifier Module 37
2.7 Measurement Results of Single-bias Power Amplifier Module 38
2.8 Performance Summary and Discussions 45
Chapter 3 A Ka-band Low Noise Amplifier Using R-L-C Feedback Technique in E-Mode 0.15-µm GaAs PIN-HEMT Process 46
3.1 Introduction 46
3.2 WIN E-Mode GaAs 0.15-µm PIN-HEMT Monolithic Process 46
3.3 Ka-band LNA Design 49
3.3.1 Common Source and Cascode 49
3.3.2 Bias and Device Selection 53
3.3.3 R-L-C Feedback Technique 64
3.3.4 Implementation of Ka-band Low Noise Amplifier 66
3.4 Measurement Results of Ka-band LNA 91
3.5 Debug and Analysis of the Circuit 100
3.5.1 Test-kits and Devices 100
3.5.2 ADS Momentum EM Simulation 120
3.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulation 123
3.5.4 Re-simulation Results of the Ka-band LNA 125
3.6 Performances Summary and Discussions 132
Chapter 4 Design of a Ka-band Current-Reused Low Noise Amplifier with Body-forward Biasing Technique 134
4.1 Introduction 134
4.2 TSMC 90-nm GUTM CMOS Process 134
4.3 Ka-band Current-reused-TF-based LNA design 135
4.3.1 Linearity Improvement Techniques 135
4.3.2 Bias and Device Selection 141
4.3.3 Implementation of Ka-band current-reused-TF-based LNA 147
4.4 Measurement results of current-reused LNA 172
4.5 Debug and Analysis of the Circuit 182
4.5.1 De-embedding in SONNET EM-simulation 182
4.5.2 Parasitic Extraction (PEX) of the Devices 188
4.5.3 Re-simulation Results of the Ka-band LNA 197
4.6 Performances Summary and Discussions 201
Chapter 5 Design of a Ka-band Switchless Radiometer Receiver for Imaging Sensing Application 203
5.1 Introduction 203
5.1.1 Parameters of the Radiometer Receiver 204
5.2 TSMC 90-nm GUTM CMOS Process 205
5.3 Ka-band Radiometer Receiver Design and Implementation 205
5.3.1 Ka-band R-C Feedback LNA 206
5.3.2 Ka-band R-C feedback parallel LNA 211
5.3.3 Ka-band Current-reused TF-based LNA 216
5.3.4 Simulation of Two-Stage LNA 220
5.3.5 Active Balun and Square-Law Power Detector 226
5.3.6 Simulation Results of Radiometer Receiver 243
5.4 Measurement Results of Ka-band Radiometer Receiver 251
5.4.1 Measurement Results of Two-stage Low Noise Amplifier 251
5.4.2 Active balun and Square-Law Power Detector 263
5.4.3 Radiometer Receiver 270
5.5 Debug and Analysis of the Circuit 278
5.5.1 Two-stage LNAs 278
5.5.2 Active balun with Square-Law Power Detector 285
5.5.3 Radiometer Receiver 290
5.6 Performances Summary and Discussions 294
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future works 296
Reference 298

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指導教授

張鴻埜(Hong-Yeh Chang)

審核日期

2024-8-13

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