| 摘要: | 摘要 本研究係透過問卷調查與現場採樣分析以瞭解全國大專院校之廢污水處理現況。在全國159所大專院校中，共計91所學校回覆問卷，由回覆的資料顯示，80.2%的學校有實驗室的廢液產生，每週約3850公升，其中以有機化合物的廢液量最多，其處理方式九成以上的學校係委託代處理業處理；少部分則由系所或學校廢水場處理。危害性較低的實驗室廢水，每週的產生量為3.72?106公升，有一成左右的學校是直接排放，約四成左右的學校是收集後委託清運業者處理，其他則是由系所自行處理或學校統一處理，而處理設備大多是以物化或物化加上生物單元方式處理。至於生活污水的排放量則是每週9.56?107公升，大部分的學校是直接排放於下水道，而部分學校則與實驗室洗滌廢水合併後一同處理，或由系所自行處理，其處理方式僅9%採物化方式處理，其餘在處理流程上都有生物處理單元。 本研究更進一步針對國內十一所大專院校廢水場的處理單元效率及管理方式做更深入的分析、比較與探討，並以COD、BOD、SS之去除率來探討各校處理場之處理效率。若將實驗室廢水及生活污水分開來處理的學校，其處理效果較佳，且各項污染物的去除率均可達九成以上。根據調查資料顯示，廢水場的運作大致上分為兩種方式：(1)係由學校或系所指派負責人員自行操作；(2)係委託代操作業處理。其中自行操作的學校共有五所，優點是可省去委外費用，並掌握廢水場的實際操作情形。在委外處理的學校中，國立大學的操作人員皆駐校，可在廢水場發生異常狀況時立即處理；私立學校委外處理人員則是定期到校查看、操作，費用較低。處理場每年的花費與其建置費成正比，但若以處理每噸廢水的費用計算，則處理量越少的學校，其平均花費越高。整體而言本研究獲得之初步成果，應可作為各校日後在操作及維護管理上之重要依據；除此之外，本研究依據研究成果提出了數點建議，供相關主管單位在管理各校處理與排放廢污水方面之參考，以期許各大專院校皆能提升其處理及操作廢污水的績效，達到目前及將來的環保法令要求。 Abstract The questionnaire investigation and wastewater sampling are used to understand the wastewater management of the universities in Taiwan. The 91 of total 159 universities reply the questionnaire. The results showed that 80.2% universities produced the waste liquid from the laboratory, with the amount of 3850 liters every week. Among theses waste liquid, organic wastes is the major product. More than 90% of the universities authorize substitute wastewater treatment enterprise to manage the wastewater treatment plants. The rest of the schools manage the wastewater treatment plants by themselves. The less harmful wastewater produced from the laboratory is about 3.72?106 liters/ week. One-tenth of universities, directly discharge wastewater into the sewer; the rest of 40% universities, treated wastewater via the substitute wastewater treatment enterprise. In the case of domestic wastewater, all of investigated universities produced 9.56?107 liter per week. Most of them without treatment discharge into sewage system. Part of universities collected the rinse wastewater from the laboratories and treated it together with the domestic wastewater. The secondary treatment is a major process for the most universities, but 9% universities treat the wastewater using with the physico-chemical process only. In addition, we estimated the removal efficiency of the contaminants, such as COD, BOD, and SS, for various operation units from the selected 11 universities. If the laboratory wastewater and domestic wastewater are treated separately, the removal percentages of the contaminants could reach to 90%. According to the survey, there are two methods for the contaminant treatment: (1) treat the wastewater by themselves; (2) authorize substitute wastewater treatment enterprise. Among the selected 11 universities, there are five universities to treat the wastewater by themselves. The advantages are to save the cost of substitute wastewater treatment operation and to effectively control the wastewater treatment plant. In the national universities, the personnel of substitute wastewater treatment enterprise are responsible for staying in the site to immediately hold the accident. Otherwise, in the private universities, operators regularly check the system so that the cost is relatively lower. The operation cost is proportional to the building cost. Otherwise, the less waste liquid volumes cause the higher treatment cost. The obtained results can be a good guideline for managing wastewater of the universities in Taiwan. |
