| 摘要: | 論文提要 由於「歷史演義卅小說」之構成，乃建基於對「歷史」取材的必要性及「小說」創作的虛構性，因此，「歷史演義卅小說」與「歷史」間此種不解之緣的聯繫，便造成了諸多批評者對「歷史演義（小說）」文體屬性認知的爭議，亦即，「歷史演義」是「歷史」？還是「小說」？的問題。也正是基於對歷史演義文體屬性認知的歧異，因此導致了諸家評論對「虛」、「實」內涵的不同理解，進而成為影響作品價值的關鍵命題，故而「虛實論爭」便成為歷史演義批評中極具重要性的討論議題。 而鑑於與明清歷史演義（小說）虛實理論相關的序跋、筆記、評點之研究論述中，對於「虛」、「實」概念及其內涵的認知，往往被以「常識」性的定義限制，從「現象」、「客觀」的「選材依據」層面去界定，其所達成的共識乃在於以人物、事件是否於史有據，作為定義「真實」與「虛構」的標準。然選擇由此一角度作為虛實意涵的判定與定位「小說」文體屬性的標準，卻容易忽略了虛實意涵在主觀精神層面之審美性情的感發作用與價值判斷之理念追求的意識體現。故以此認識為基礎，本文旨在透過對古典小說批評中關於歷史演義（小說）虛實論爭的研究，釐清此一爭議發生的問題點，並探究虛實理論之於歷史演義（小說）的價值意義與重要性，以期能對此文類的定位問題有更深入的思考。 故本文的研究進行，首先是從對「歷史演義」生成的考察，指出虛實論爭發生的原因，並將各家對於歷史演義文體屬性的認知加以分析說明；繼而就諸家主張之「虛」、「實」觀點提出說明並重新省察，指出其於主、客觀面的指涉與意涵。另以儒家文藝觀為理論根據，分析虛實操作的審美意識於歷史演義創作之運作，且以小說文本為例，論證「虛」、「實」作用的審美機制與虛構操作之於歷史演義的重要性與意義。最後的結論則在於提出，由主觀精神層面的角度切入，對虛實意涵進行掘發，其價值在於能使論者跳脫由選材的虛實及其於內容比例之分配的形式面之相對性限制，進入到心靈內在真情實感之精神體悟的絕對真實境界。而透過審美意識的角度分析虛實概念的意蘊，對於虛構操作之於歷史實錄精神傳達之重要性與必然性的理解，方可能超越現象的侷限而達致對虛實意涵的本體掌握。 關鍵字：歷史演義（小說）、演義觀、文體定位、虛實論、真實、虛構。 Thesis Abstract Since the construction of historical fiction / novels is based on the necessity of taking materials from “history” and the fictionalized nature of “novel” creation, the intricate connections between “historical fiction / novels” and “history” have caused the controversy of critics over the nature of the genre “historical fiction / novels.” In other words, are “historical novels” categorized as “history” or “fiction?” Due to the differences in perceptions of the historical fiction genre, different critics have different understandings of “fiction” and “reality.” This is a key point that affects the values of such literary works; thus, competing ideas in the theory on fact or fiction have become important subjects for discussion in the criticism of historical fiction. In view of the forewords, notes, and viewpoints in research discourse of Ming-Ching historical fiction / novels and the theory on fact or fiction, understanding of these concepts and their content are often limited by “common sense” definitions that demarcate based on the “selection criteria” of “phenomenon” or “objectivity.” The consensus at which it arrives is based on whether the characters and events indeed happened in history as the standard for defining “reality” and “fiction.” However, using this angle to determine and orient standards for the “fiction” genre can overlook the inspiration of aesthetics on the subjective spiritual level, and the conscious realization of pursuit of value judgments. Thus, using this understanding as the basis, the purpose of this study is to clarify the controversy over historical fiction / novels and the theory on fact or fiction, and explore the value, meaning, and significance of the theory on fact or fiction on historical fiction / novels, in hopes of prompting deeper thought on the orientation problem of this type of literature. Thus the research of this study begins with an evaluation of the formation of “historical novels,” points out the reasons for the controversy of theory on fact or fiction, and then analyzes the different concepts of the historical fiction genre. Then, the viewpoints on “fiction” and “fact” are explained and reevaluated, pointing out the subjective and objective references and meanings. Furthermore, this study uses the Confucian literary view as theoretical basis to analyze the operation of aesthetic consciousness of fact-fiction manipulation in historical fiction, and uses fictional texts as examples to discuss the significance and meaning of fact and fiction aesthetics and fictionalization in historical fiction. The conclusion points out that by using the angle of subjective spiritual aspects to derive meaning from fiction, it is possible to allow for an escape from the relative limits of fact or fiction material selection and the content ratios, and to enter an absolutely genuine realm of the feelings of the psyche. Usage of the aesthetic consciousness to analyze the meaning of concepts of reality and fiction can convey the significance and necessity of fictionalized historical chronicles, and it is possible to transcend phenomenal limits and allow for a real understanding of the meaning of fact and fiction. |
