| 摘要: | 東海神話在戰國末年受到神仙思想的影響，而被建構成與西方相對應的東方海上仙境，成為中國兩大仙鄉系統：西方昆崙樂園與東海蓬來仙境。早期學者認為東海仙境神話其源頭是來自於西方昆崙，然而根據如《山海經》、《楚辭》等記載，以及觀察古代東方海濱的文化背景，便可以發現其實東方神仙思想是有其原由，並非全受西方昆崙的影響。因此本文將探討原始東海神話的內容，以及其後轉變為仙境神話後，在秦漢時期的發展，來建立東海神話的系統。 東海神話的形成深受當地的地理環境以及東方民族的文化信仰的影響，由於中國東方民族濱海為生，因此其神話內容與大海緊密扣合；而東方為日出之地，因此對太陽的崇拜以及所延伸出關於春季的神話也在當地大量出現。此外東方民族的信仰文化如鳥圖騰信仰、桑樹信仰等，以及因當地人種的特性所形成的大人傳說，皆深深影響東海神話的形成。在先秦時期的東海神話內容非常豐富多元，如太陽神話、帝王神話、異國異人神話，展現出原始人們對世界的想像，以及多元的信仰。 而到了春秋戰國開始在齊、燕地區出現的方士集團與方僊道學說，其內涵以長生不死為主，他們擷取了原始東海的某些元素，如長生、再生的觀念、海上仙山、大人之國等等的故事，建構了東方海上的仙境。帝王的東巡求仙之旅更是讓東海神話的地位大大提升，東海神話也就被塑造成與西方昆崙相對應東方海上樂園。從原始東海神話到秦漢時期仙話化的東海神話，其演變是有脈絡可循的，可形成一個完整的系統，而東海神話的基本結構也就在先秦兩漢時期被確立，後世的東海神話便以此作為基礎而不斷延伸。 The mythology of East China Sea is influenced by immortal's thought in the Warring States in the last years , and is built and formed with the corresponding eastern maritime fairyland in the west, become the system of township of two immortals in China: Western to fluffy the fairyland in the Kunlun paradise and East China Sea. The early scholar thinks its source of the fairyland mythology of East China Sea is coming from the Kunlun westernly, but record according to such as " A Chinese Bestiary ", " Songs of the South ",etc., and observe the culture background of the ancient eastern seashore, can find the actually eastern immortal's thought has its reason, not influence of receiving the Kunlun completely. So this text will probe into the primitive mythical content of East China Sea, and after thereafter changing into the fairyland mythology, in Qin Han development of period, come on to set up the mythical system in East China Sea. The mythical forming of East China Sea wins the influence of the cultural faith of geographical environment and East Peoples from locality deeply, because make a living in the Chinese strand of East Peoples, its mythical content and sea are buckled closely; And the east is the place of the sunrise, so the worship and extending out and presenting in locality in a large amount mythologies in spring to the sun. In addition the believing in culture such as bird's totem faith, mulberry tree faith,etc. of Asian Peoples, and the legend of adult that form because of the local ethnic group's characteristic, all influence the mythical forming of East China Sea deeply. Very abundant pluralism such as the sun mythology, emperor's mythology, different mythologies of people of foreign country of the mythical content of East China Sea in the pre-Qin period, show primitive people to the imagination of the world, and plural faith. By the Chun Qiu (Spring – Autumn) began at Qi, Yan region Alchemist Celestial Group and Party doctrine, its meaning to Longevity main, they capture some elements of the original East China Sea, such as longevity, the concept of regeneration, sea fairy mountains, adults The story of the country, etc., construction of the East Sea of Wonderland. Immortality imperial inspection tour to east journey to the East China Sea is greatly enhanced the status of myth, the myth also be molded into the East China Sea and the Western Kunlun corresponds to the East Sea Paradise. East China Sea to the Qin and Han from the original myth of the East China Sea during the Immortals myth, its evolution is a viable scenario, and can form a complete system, the basic structure of the East China Sea myths also been established in the Qin and Han Dynasties, future generations will be the East China Sea Myth as a basis for continuously extended. |
