| 摘要: | 呂留良是明末清初的重要儒者，他的聲名，既顯赫於生前，更為後世所熟知。大抵而言，人們對呂留良的認識，多起因於雍正朝時「曾靜案」之「牽累」。自此之後，身歿近半世紀之久的呂留良，不惟成清官方所欲嚴打之矢的，還被視作是「悖逆」之大案，且比附到眾多不同的案件之中。身為「明遺民」呂留良，在長久以來的理解中，幾乎均被以政治意圖作為評價標準，導致了呂留良某些刻板形象的確立。 本研究透過呂留良思想以及形象的查考，卻發現以往看法需要重新修正。就其內在的學術思想檢視，呂留良既沒有被人言之鑿鑿的抗清意志，反而可以從他的許多理念中，發現與清官方是近乎相同的態度。若是以長時間呂留良歷史形象的演化而言，則可以發現呂留良錯誤形象的定位與開展，應屬雍正朝的「逆案」所賦予的。歷經百餘年官方所強加之記憶，呂留良悖逆的形象遂為之確立。直至清末、民初階段，呂留良又重新的接受另一波轉化與利用，使之成為了民族先驅者的英雄角色。 從種種的資料呈現，筆者以為呂留良雖無反清的意圖或行動，但他的地位、意義與價值，則未因清政府之打擊而有所折損。例如呂氏強烈主張程朱為儒家發展之正宗，全力駁斥王學之「邪佞」，其奉此為學問及處世之圭臬，在清初學術史，實具不容抹煞之重要位置。此外，呂留良在「文化事業」的成就與表現，集結撰寫、收羅、評點、輯錄、刊刻、出版、販售於一身，不僅為時人所樂道，也因為出版之傳播，得以聲名大噪。 由於曾靜案的緣故，已經棺蓋的呂留良，遭到了清官方戮屍梟示、挫骨揚灰的命運。至於呂留良在學術思想、文化事業的實際面貌，則自此受到大眾的忽視與扭曲，清官方的主導，實建構出後世對呂留良的新認識。由於涉及眾多文本的輾轉傳寫與長時間的演變，加上不同時期世人對呂留良的接納與否，都增添其形像的複雜性，也見到政治、學術、思想與傳播的互動與影響。 Lü Liuliang was an important scholar during the Ming-Qing transition. His reputation is not only illustrious, but also known to posterity. A great part of the reason why Lü Liuliang is known to people is the “involvement” of the Zeng Jing case happened in Yongzheng Emperor. From then on, Lü Liuliang, who has been dead for more than fifty years, becomes the main target of Qing Government’s attack, a special example of rebellion against Qing Dynasty, and a model of lots of cases. Being a Ming loyalist in Qing Dynasty, Lü Liuliang, as we learn from the past, was appraised according to his political intention. A stereotype image of Lü Liuliang has been built since nobody doubts who he is or what he has done. However, the way of looking at Lü in the past needs some amendment by examining Lü’s theories and appearances. It is easy to find from Lü’s academic works that he does not hold anti-Qing will as people are convinced. On the contrary, a lot of Lü’s politics ideas are just the same as those of the Qing government. The spread of the wrong image of Lü has been created since the anti-Qing case broke out. The officials imposed the memories for over a century, after that, the revolted image of Lü was exactly established and lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Also, it was till then, people reaccepted and turned the image of Lü to a positive model, and used it to set up a hero and a pioneer of nation in anti-Qing. According to my research, Lü Liuliang has no intention or practice of anti-Qing all the way. Furthermore, his position, significance, and value on the Confucian school should not be ignored even though he repeatedly becomes a target attacked by the Qing government. For example, Lü strongly advocates that Cheng-Zhu School is the orthodox Confucian system and makes an all-out effort to refute the opinion that Wang School is evil. This opinion, as a discipline, is the criterion Lü uses to judge everything. He does play a great role in the development of Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty. Besides, Lü shows his achievement and representation on his Cultural establishments. People praise that he can compose, collect, criticize, compile, engrave publications, sell publications, and so on. He also wins an excellent reputation for publication of the mass media. Because of Zeng Jing case, Lü Liuliang’s corpse is disinterred as his head is severed and exposed. Qing government leads the image of Lü Liuliang; from then on, people start to neglect and distort Lü’s achievements in academic thought and cultural businesss. By the records of texts and the change of time, we can not only find that the course of history of resistance to and acceptance of Lü Liuliang gets complicated, but also find the followed mark of the development of history. |
