| 摘要: | 本文的討論可分為兩個研究主軸，前半部探討清代臺灣街庄總理如何形成、發展，以及被清政府倚重責成的過程；後半部則選擇具有特別歷史意義的吞霄街庄總理作為討論對象，藉由長時間的觀察與區域的個案研究，探討地方權勢者如何競逐總理，並透過該職務進行各種資源的支配。 十九世紀清政府逐漸於里保區域下的街庄設置總理，藉以聯結廣大的地方社會，而總理自設置以來便不曾廢止，直至1895年清、日政權交替才終告停止。本文的研究指出，道光初年頻繁的地方動亂，致使福建上級官員在臺施行清庄聯甲政策，並交由總理以專責成，於是開啟總理一時權傾的機會。之後，總理的職權不斷被合法擴充，因此成為協助清政府治理地方與執行基層政務的首要人員。然而，當臺灣士紳階層逐漸形成之際，總理因權勢限於地方且身份逐漸低微，故日益難以與之競逐，於是總理的影響力將依地方局勢（競爭程度）不同而呈現出差異性。 在研究個案方面，本研究則具體說明總理制在地方社會的運作過程。終清一代，吞霄街庄總理始終都是清政府聯結當地社會的主要中介，這樣的原因來自當地士紳階層薄弱，致使總理成為地方顯著的領導人物。此外，當地總理常透過各種公私關係、人際網絡來建構與鞏固他們的地位與影響力，並且經由追隨官府討匪，晉身為軍功士紳，也進而出現強大家族壟斷鄉村政權的現象。值得注意的是，同治末年吞霄街商人勢力抬頭，他們開始透過結社與結合其他勢力，向軍功榮身的總理進行長期抗衡與競逐，甚至企圖透過國家司法管道奪回總理自咸豐年間以來所掌控的港口抽分權。 透過本文的探討，我們將能看到清政府如何建立起以總理為首的鄉治組織，以及總理如何支配地方資源並與官府交流，這將有助於我們理解清代街庄總理的歷史意義與地方發展的關係。 This thesis is separated into two main sections. The first section discusses the process of formation, development and the reliance the Manchurian government had on the neighborhood Zonglis in Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty. The second section is a discussion of the historically significant role of the Zongli of Tonsuyan. Using a case study of the region over a long timeline, the thesis investigates how local men of power competed to be the Zongli and the allocation of resources in that role. In the Nineteenth Century, the Manchurian government gradually installed Zonglis in villages to connect the extensive local communities. Since its inception, the Zongli system was never eliminated until 1895 when the Japanese authority took over. The research in this thesis shows that due to numerous riots during early Daoguang, top officials in Fujian enforced the policies of qingzhuang and lianzhuang in Taiwan and gave the Zongli absolute power, thus creating a sudden opportunity of power for the Zongli. Afterwards, the responsibilities of the Zonglis kept increasing by law, thus they became the first officers in helping the Manchurian government execute grassroot policies and govern locally. However, as the gentry class formed, the Zonglis’ status became increasingly lower, therefore the influence of Zonglis began to differ according to local situations and level of competition. In the case study, this paper specifically described the operations of the Zongli in the local community. Before the Qing Dynasty came to and end, the Zongli of Tonsuyan remained the main middleman between the local community and the Manchurian government. Due to the weak gentry class in the region, the Zongli became the significant leader in that region. The Tonsuyan Zonglis often used various ties and networks to establish and strengthen their status and influence. Also, they would follow the government in seeking out bandits with the reward being elevated to the gentry class. There were also cases of large families monopolizing power in the villages. Also notable is during late Tongzhi period, the businessmen of Tonsuyan, with connections to other forces, began a long-term counterbalance and competition against the Zongli. They even attempted to use legal means to recapture the power the Zongli had since Xianfeng monarchy to tax harbors. Through this investigation, we can learn how the Manchurian government established village organizations with the Zongli at the helm. We also see how the Zongli allocated local resources and communicated with officials. This helps us to understand the connection between the historical significance of Zongli and development of local community. |
