| 摘要: | 綜觀整個代議民主體制的設計，或許不難發現其存在著讓民眾發聲的合法政治參與管道，如創制、複決權等，可作為預設制度不良時，保障人民權利之防護機制。反觀不在法定範圍下的「公民不服從」行為，在缺乏普世一致的正義與自由原則下，何以證成個人以及少數人的道德良知、自然權利與價值判斷能合理的加諸於他人、多數人甚至是法律之上。畢竟，公民不服從的氾濫將會危及民主體制運作的基石。 然而，事實上，在現實的代議民主當中，人們的確面臨了許多的困境，如，委任代表無法忠實和正確的反映民意所向，以及採用投票多數決完全否定少數者的既定模式等。面對這些代議民主制度在現實社會中運作的侷限性、回應性，乃至於其正當性的詰難，往往成為觸發公民不服從行動合理的理由。同時，這些伸張公民不服從者，亦堅信其行為在不違背民主精神與崇高的道德良心信條下，能夠重新彰顯個人自由價值、爭取充分的政治參與，以及提供所謂的真正自由民主另一管道。是故，當公民面臨代議民主制度中，政府無法給予其充分的政治參與、違背正義，或是政府和社會體制運作低回應的各種困境時，保留公民不服從此一行動合理存在的空間，公民得以運用不服從這類的異議途徑，乃是真正自由與正義的實現。 A comprehensive survey of the designs of systems of representative democracy shows that there are legitimate ways for people to participate in politics, such as the initiative rights and the referendum rights, which could also be a shelter for protecting civil rights when the system is running down. On the other hand, since civil disobedience is beyond the reach of the legal system, it’s difficult to justify that the moral conscience, natural rights and value judgments of the individual or the minorities could exert on others, on the majorities, even override the law, particularly when we lack universal consensus on principles of justice and freedom. After all, the abuse of civil disobedience may jeopardize the foundation of democratic system. However, in the actual practice of representative democracy, people really have a number of predicaments, for instance, the popular representatives do not reflect faithfully and correctly the public opinions, or the government adopts the opinion of the majority with a total neglect of the minority. Facing such predicaments of exclusion, non-responsiveness, and legitimacy crisis of representative democracy, civil disobedience is often justified. Meanwhile, those advocates of civil disobedience believe that their actions do not go against the democratic spirit and lofty moral conscientiousness, rather they believe that such actions represent the value of individual freedom, striving for better opportunity for the participation of politics, and offer another channel for actualization of freedom and democracy. Therefore, when citizens encounter various kinds predicaments of representative democratic system, such as government is not providing free participation in politics, violates justice, or the government and society system is too non-responsive, the retaining of a rational space for civil disobedience would be an alternative for the realization of freedom and justice. |
