| 摘要: | 河川是人類生活的命脈，更是人類文明發展的重要關鍵；然而，近來由於建設水壩、開發水庫、過度抽取地下水、航運、環境污染和氣候變遷等因素的影響，使得全球河流面臨了空前的危機，尤其中國長江流域已成為全世界污染最嚴重的河流，使得五百多個城市的飲用水水源遭受到威脅。可以說，大型水壩已徹底改變河流的自然規律，而且許多大型河流正以驚人的速度亁涸中。 中國大陸在水壩的數量和規模上堪稱世界第一，而三峽大壩的興建不僅為中國大陸國家重大的公共建設，也是當前世界上規模最大、資金最高的經濟功能為主軸發展的水利工程案，普遍認為，整治長江是一件長期性的工作，三峽大壩雖非唯一的防洪工程，卻是目前最迫切、最有效的計劃工程。其首要目標在於對長江三峽地區的防洪功能有效的發揮，以解決長期飽受洪水氾濫之苦，並進而發揮發電、航運及觀光等之效能。 然而，從一九九四年三峽工程正式開工以來，應屬於一個「生態工程」前景的有利工程，結果卻問題叢生，不但打破了不利於人類和環境生態永續發展的平衡狀態，也充滿著許多的疑點和備受爭議的議題。這其中顯示了中國大陸政府相關的技術官僚普遍欠缺環境倫理學的觀念與素養，以致於失去了對庫區生態環境應有的基本價值判斷，更失去了政府技術官僚哲學的價值性的實踐。 本論文研究藉由文獻了解先論述長江三峽整治工程的緣由、目的與發展，並透過對長江三峽整治工程個案之分析，凸顯其在論證過程、環境生態以及環境中生物多樣性等面向的倫理問題與困境，進而以生態中心倫理與李奧波大地倫理的環境倫理思想，進行長江三峽整治工程中相關倫理問題的考察，包括大壩工程論證及工程執行的正當性、庫區環境生態及環境中生物多樣性的完整性與健康性，提出回應這些問題的倫理分析與應用，最後對中國大陸政府提出長江三峽整治工程現在及未來應體現的環境倫理觀的建議，俾利還諸三峽庫區自然環境之自然狀態理想境地的實現。 Rivers, lifeline of human life, is crucial to the human cultural development. However, factors like dam and reservoir-building, excessive groundwater pumping, shipping, and environmental and climate change confront global rivers with an unprecedented crisis. The drainage area of the Yangtze River in particular is polluted most seriously in the world, posting threats to drinking water for more than 500 cities. One may put it in this way: the giant dam radically changes the natural law, making many big rivers drying at an amazing speed. Chinese dam is number one by its scale and number. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam is not only the Mainland China’s major public works plan, but also the economics-oriented water project that is the largest, most expensive in the world. The conventional wisdom is that the restoration project of the Yangtze River takes for a long time. Although the Three Gorges Dam is not the only one flood control work, it is the most pressing and effective. The main goal of this project is to effectively control the flood in this drainage area, replacing related pains once and for all with the benefits of generating electricity, shipping and tourism. However, immediately after the construction in 1994, this would-be-ecological engineering has incurred many problems, such as breaking the social and natural sustainability not in favor of the equilibrium between human being and the environment and bringing about much relevant suspiciousness and controversy. This suggests that Chinese technocrats’ lacking of the ideas and capacity on the environmental ethics leads to their poor judgement of ecological environment of the reservoir region, along with failure of philosophic value technocrats should hold. This study looks for the cause, objective, and development of the Three Gorges Dam in the literature review. Furthermore, this study analyzes the entire project to discover ethic problems and predicaments over the proof process, environment ecology and biodiversity, and then researches the project with the ecocentric ethics and Leopold’s the land ethics, into the engineering demonstration, justifiability of the engineering execution, environment ecology, biodiversity, integrality and soundness of the reservoir area. At last, this study makes environmental ethic suggestions about the restoration project of the Three Gorges Dam to China, hoping to restore the natural state of this area. |
