| 摘要: | 本論文對素食主義的研究想從非宗教因素切入，探討除了佛教提倡素食之外，是否有其他理由鼓勵人們食素；並藉由素食主義的推動來避免自然環境生態上的破壞以及更有效率的利用糧食資源，拯救饑荒中的人們。本文論述的主要來源是Peter Singer的《動物解放》(Animal Liberation)、Michael Allen Fox的《深層素食主義》(Deep vegetarianism)以及Daniel A.Dombrowski的《素食主義哲學》(The philosophy of vegetarianism)。 Dombrowski在其《素食主義哲學》(The philosophy of vegetarianism)中介紹古代希臘哲學中對素食主義的看法，包括古希臘神話中的黃金時代，Pythagoreans，Socrates，Plato，Aristotle，Theophrastus，希臘化時期，羅馬時期，Plutarch，Neoplatonists，Richard Rorty以及Charles Hartshorne. 古希臘神話與古希臘哲學中的素食主義觀點將與當代素食主義思想作比較。 Singer 贊成Jeremy Bentham將感受痛苦的能力(the capacity for suffering)視為一個生物是否有權利受到平等考量的特徵，認為只要生物能感知痛苦，便沒有道德上的理由拒絕將其列入平等考量。這也是Singer成為素食主義者的理由，反對為了吃肉而令動物遭受被虐待與殺食的痛苦。 Michael Allen Fox重新從素食主義出發，展開各項支持與反對素食主義的論證，在支持素食主義方面：一、人類個體的健康；二、動物個體的受苦和死亡；三、以公正無私的態度對待動物個體；四、對環境整體的關注；五、對大自然的關注；六、世界性飢荒與社會不義；七、相互嵌結的壓迫形式﹙從生態女性主義立場出發﹚；八、傳統智慧﹙包括同理心﹚。在反對素食主義方面：一、素食的後果；二、人類即自然的肉食動物；三、動物即可替換者；四、生態上的異議；五、殺生的必要性。 In this dissertation, three scholars’ theories and books will be discussed: “ Daniel A. Dombrowski’s “ The Philosophy of Vegetarianism”, Peter Singer’s “ Animal Liberation”, and Michael Allen Fox’s “ Deep Vegetarianism”. In “ The Philosophy of Vegetarianism”, we can find the idea of vegetarianism from the ancient Greek mythology to the modern times: the Golden age, the Pythagoreans, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, the Hellenistic Era, the Romans, Plutarch, the Neoplatonists, Richard Rorty, and Charles Hartshorne. Dombrowski uses the tools and insights of the contemporary vegetarianism debates in order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of ancient philosophical vegetarianism. On the other hand, he also uses the wisdom of the Greek vegetarianism as an Archimedean point from which to critique both the opponents and the defenders of contemporary philosophical vegetarianism. In “ Animal Liberation”, Singer exposes the chilling realities of today’s “ factory farms”. He has awakened millions of people to the existence of “ speciesism”— human systematic disregard of nonhuman animals—inspiring a worldwide movement to transform our attitude to animals and eliminate the cruelty we inflict on them. In “ Deep Vegetarianism”, Fox challenges the basic assumptions of a meat-eating society. In discussing the reasons, emotions, and experiences involved in choosing vegetarianism, he considers such issues as good health, the meaning of food, world hunger, religions, and spirituality. In addition, he discovers the link between vegetarianism and other human rights movement and ideologies, for example, the feminism. Therefore, this dissertation shows the comparison of the three authors’ vegetarianism ideas. And the purpose is trying to convince the people that killing animals for food is cruel and immoral and every one should has the duty to become a vegetarian. |
