明代中後葉徽商遠途貿易之風險與控管; Ming Dynasty in the posterior lobe of the merchants trading risk and long-range control

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题名:	明代中後葉徽商遠途貿易之風險與控管;Ming Dynasty in the posterior lobe of the merchants trading risk and long-range control
作者:	彭宏育;Hung-Yu Peng
贡献者:	歷史研究所
关键词:	徽州;徽商;客商;風險控管;Huizhou Merchants;Risk management
日期:	2011-07-07
上传时间:	2012-01-05 14:06:13 (UTC+8)
摘要:	明代商業蓬勃的發展促成商人群體的出現，其中又以晉商與徽商的發展最受世人矚目。徽州人離鄉業賈在宋代開始就有文獻紀錄，但真正成為雄霸一方的商人群體則是在明代以後。徽州因鄰近淮揚鹽場，於是開始經由運糧實邊換取鹽引，進而累積大量資本。同時，又因靠近江南富庶之區，龐大的市場趨力讓一心向外尋求發展的徽州人找到新的出路。而徽商也因為源自於高度文化發展的地區，使得徽商的事蹟得以藉由各種文獻資料流傳至今。此外，徽州文化其實就是中原文化與在地文化交織涵化的結果，儒學在徽州的生根與發展，徹底改變了徽州的社會原貌。舉凡徽州人的學術、思想與家庭生活等，皆受以程朱理學為基軸的儒學相當大的浸染，這也讓徽商在事業經營上展現出鮮明的特色。明代當時的社會環境，行商作客他鄉是充滿荊棘與考驗，舉凡詐欺、偷竊、強盜等事件在商業活動裡可謂層出不窮。再加上自然環境的波折所造成的種種牽絆，客商的成功顯然不是單憑運氣可得，其中當存有更理性的因素。畢竟，商業的運作是需要一股正向的精神在背後支持著，這股動力就是誠信。而除了道德原則外，更重要的是在商業活動中的實際執行面，諸如洞察機先與決策謀畫的能力，客商倘能提早審視風險並策劃出規避風險的手段，對事業的發展有關鍵性的影響。除此，徽州客商又恃其對知識的掌握與應用之能力，讓風險知識以親授或文獻傳遞的方式獲得承接。本研究的時間斷限自弘治五年(1492)戶部尚書葉淇(1426-1501)針對「開中法」的缺弊進行改革為始，到明朝覆滅為止的這段時間做為研究範疇。討論徽商於經營遠途貿易的過程中所可能面臨的各種風險，客商如何有效控管這些人為、自然的因素干擾，將風險降低與排除，是本文討論的重點。同時，本文也將一併討論徽商又是利用哪些方式將這些風險知識傳承予下一代。透過對徽商事業過程中風險調控的審視，才能更清楚勾勒出明代徽商經營遠途貿易的真實面貌。 Ming Dynasty led the development of thriving merchant business groups emerged, among which the most development of Shanxi and merchants worldwide attention. Huizhou away from home industry began there in the Song Dynasty literature Jia record, but to truly become Xiongbayifang business groups is in the Ming dynasty. Huaiyang nearby Huizhou salt because, by and transportation began to lead the solid side in exchange for salt, and thus accumulate large amounts of capital. Also, because the area near the affluent south, a huge market trend as one force for the development of Huizhou outside for people to find a new way. The merchants also because from a high degree of cultural development in the region, making the merchants of the story to be spread by a variety of literature so far. In addition, the Huizhou culture, in fact, the Central Plains culture and acculturation in the mixed results of local culture, Confucian roots and development in Huizhou, Huizhou completely changed the original appearance of the community. Whether it's academic Huizhou people, ideas and family life, are subject to Neo-Confucianism as the base axis of a large dip, which allows merchants to show business career distinctive characteristics. Ming Dynasty was the social environment, salesmen are full of thorns and a guest Abroad test of anything, including fraud, theft, robbery and other events in the business activities in an endless stream. Coupled with the natural environment caused by the various twists and turns tie him down, obviously not alone the success of customers can get lucky, which when there are more rational factors. After all, business operations is the need to surge forward to support the spirit behind this momentum is integrity. In addition to moral principles, but more important is the actual business activities in implementation, such as decisions to seek insight into the machine first, and the ability to draw, customers if it can examine the risks and plan ahead to avoid the risk of a means of career development are key impacts. In addition, Huizhou merchants and relies on its know-how and ability to apply, so the risk of transmission of knowledge or literature to Qinshou way to get to undertake. In this study, time-off limit of five years from Koji (1492) minister of revenue leaves Ki (1426-1501) for "on France," the mischief to the beginning of reform, to the period until the fall of the Ming Dynasty as the scope of the study. Merchants on long-haul business to discuss the process of trade may face various risks, traders how to effectively control these people, natural disturbance factors, the risk reduction and elimination, is the focus of this paper. At the same time, this article will be discussed is the use of merchants and the ways in which knowledge will be passed to the next generation of these risks. The cause of the merchants through the process of risk control review, in order to more clearly outline the Ming Dynasty, merchants operating long-haul trade, the true face.
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