明代藥材產銷與海外運銷之研究; The Production and Marketing of Medicine in Ming Dynasty

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Title:	明代藥材產銷與海外運銷之研究;The Production and Marketing of Medicine in Ming Dynasty
Authors:	李怡瑩;Yi-ying Lee
Contributors:	歷史研究所
Keywords:	藥材產地;藥材市場;藥鋪;藥材貿易;Pharmacy;Medicine market;Medicinal origin;Medicine trade
Date:	2011-07-21
Issue Date:	2012-01-05 14:06:21 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	藥材是民生生活中不可或缺的一項物品，無論是醫療使用，或是搭配補身保養氣力，調養身體做為食材的一部份，皆需使用藥材。明代醫藥書籍大量出版，其中有關於藥材如何搭配使用，能夠達到強健體魄，延續生命的記載，也影響當時社會生活中，普遍食用藥材。民眾紛紛追求藥材書籍裡記載質地優良、療效奇佳的藥材，這些藥材散佈於各地，取得不易。本文探討明代當時的服食藥材風氣，透過文人筆記中，對於藥補文化的追求。按照時令、季節與氣候，分別服用不同的藥劑，希冀能夠常保青春。藥材的產地分布，則是按照不同書籍的記載，而各有特色。本草類書籍是透過診治經驗，得出不同地理環境所生產的藥材，療效以及治癒病患的效果不同，因而推廣民眾尋獲這些特殊藥材。政府所徵收的藥材實物，卻是以各地區中，產量足以應付大量製作藥劑的相關藥材為主，這些藥材常見於各地，生長環境也並無特殊的條件限制。而藥材在採收時，為了能夠保持藥材的醫療效果，多會在販售前，先將這些藥材妥善處理，以提供較長的保存期限，便於貿易。民眾獲得藥材的管道，可以透過專業加工處理的藥鋪，購買治療常見疾病的藥品。或是在藥鋪中，經由坐堂醫者的診療，開立藥方，隨即在藥鋪取藥。另外，有許多醫生則是以開立處方，讓民眾自行覓得藥材，或是替民眾購入藥材。廟會以及藥材市場的出現，也替藥材貿易帶來無限商機，零售藥商多擺設攤販於廟會與定期集市中，向前來進香與消費的人，兜售藥材。或是聚集大量藥材的專業市場，提供民眾以及藥商前來挑選購買。中國境內的藥材，也吸引鄰近受到中國文化影響深遠的國家，爭相取得使用，透過不同的貿易方式，引進中藥，作為醫療用途。 Medicine is an integral part of people's livelihood and life articles, regardless of medical use, maintenance or gas power with a supplement, to restore his health as a part of the ingredients, who must to use medicine. A large number of medical books published in Ming Dynasty, including with regard to how to use medicine to achieve physical fitness, extend life, but also affect society at that time commonly consumed medicine. People have to pursue medicine in the record books, good quality, efficacy wonders of herbs, these medicine are scattered around the difficult to obtain. This article explores the culture of Ming Dynasty was taking medicine, through the literary notes; make up for the drug culture of the pursuit. According to season and climate, are taking a different pharmacy, hoping to preserve their youth. Distribution of medicine origin, is in accordance with the different books of records, and have their own characteristics. Herbal books through the diagnosis and treatment, results in different geographical environment produced by the medicine, treatment and cure patients has a different effect, and thus promote the public found these special medicine. Government levied medicine, based on the region, production is sufficient to meet the relevant mass-produced pharmaceutical-based medicine, these medicine common in the country, the growth environment is also no special conditions. The medicine in the harvest, in order to maintain the medical effects of medicines, will be sold before the first proper handling of these medicine, to provide a longer shelf life, easy to trade. Public access to medicines, it can be processed by professional pharmacy, buy treatment of common diseases. Or in the pharmacy and, through visits at the doctor's diagnosis, prescribe, then get the medicine in the pharmacy. In addition, many doctors are prescribing, so that people find their own medicine, or medicine for public purchase. The emergence of the temple fairs and medicine market, but also bring unlimited business opportunities for the medicine trade, retail drug business furnishings and regular market vendors in the temple fairs, pilgrimage and consumption forward to people selling medicine. Gathered a lot of medicine in the professional market, providing the public and the selection of drug dealers come to buy. The medicine in China, to attract neighboring countries, competing through various trades made use of traditional Chinese medicine, as medical purposes.
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