| 摘要: | 張三丰，遼東懿州人，又名君寶、全一。歷元、明兩朝，生卒年不詳，中國史上一位著名道士及武學鼻祖。三丰喜談三教五經、書過目不忘，是位資質頗高的奇人。他曾學道於鹿邑之太清宮（今之河南鹿邑縣），後修道太和山（即今之湖北武當山）。 張三丰的出名，與明室的訪求及他高蹈隱逸的行徑有密切關係。他可謂因隱而著，因著名而愈隱，表現出一種類似中國隱士作風的隱仙風範。從明初起，張三丰便受到皇帝的欽重。洪武十七年（1384）、洪武十八年（1385）太祖朱元璋兩次下詔徵張三丰入朝，不赴。到洪武二十四年（1391）仍無所穫，似乎為故意逃避皇帝的訪求。居於武當山的張三丰，出山雲游，踪跡不定，給尋訪者增添不少麻煩，也讓張三丰這個名字增添了濃厚的神秘色彩。雖洪武二十三年（1390）後，張三丰離開武當山不知所蹤，明成祖仍多次徵召，在給張三丰的御書中表示景仰之情。張三丰存亡，終未可知，明朝諸帝卻屢次詔封，聲名大著。 張三丰的特殊性格，在當時來說，作為對趨炎附勢者，尤其是正一道士中那些以方術迷惑人主、邀取高官厚祿的人的一種否定。作為此類俗流的一個對立面，自有其積極意義，表現出道教精神，也因此為後世所推崇。張三丰一生著作、遺物頗多，為研究其思想言行之重要途徑。且三丰交遊廣闊，其中，他因修道授徒於武當，故武當道教一派至明初發展成與正一派鼎足而立之態。張三丰更是被各雜史小說描寫成武藝高超的傳奇人物，直至今日，對於他的奇聞軼事留下了許多典籍文獻。而關於張三丰傳奇性的一生，也陸續為後世所研究與探討。 Chang San-feng, was born in Liaodong, also known as Jun Bao, Chuan-i. He lived as the Chinese Taoist and a famous founder of martial arts of Wudang school from Yuan to Ming dynasty, whose birthday and death day unknown. He had a photographic memory and advocated “The five classics ” and “ Three religions”. He was an outstanding, high-intelligent person. He ever studied in Taiqing Palace of Luyi (now Luyi County in Henan), preaching in Mt. Taiho afterward (now the Mt. Wudang in Hubei). Chang San-feng's fame was closely related to Ming emperor’s admiration for him and his reclusion away from the attention of the public. From the early Ming, he was respected by emperors. From the seventeenth year of Hongwu (1384) to the eighteenth year of Hongwu (1385), Emperor Zhu Yuan-zhang extended his invitation twice to Chang to visit the capital, but could not get any response. Until the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu (1391), he seemed to deliberately evading the emperor's visit. Living in Wudang, Chang ’s wandering around the mountains increased the mystery of Chang San-feng. Then he left the Mt. Wudang in the twenty- third year of Hongwu (1390) and disappeared. But, Emperor Ch’eng-tsu called up repeatedly; the imperial edict delivered to him showed the admiration of the emperor. Although Chang San-feng was missing, but he was repeatedly proclaimed by the emperors of Ming Dynasty. In contrast to those who pursued power eagerly, Chang San-feng was distinguished in his style in that time. Especially he negated the Taoist priests who asked for high position and handsome salary by confusing masters with alchemy. A stream of such customs as the antithesis of positive significance, showing the spirit of Taoism, and thus for future generations revered. Chang San-feng left quite a few writings and relics, which strongly supported the study of his thoughts and deeds. Chang San-feng actually liked to make friends broadly. Wudang Taoist school, among factions, developed by him in the early Ming Dynasty, played tripartite balance of forces to “Zheng-i Taoism”. Chang San-feng cultivated apprentices in Wudang, he is described by history as a martial arts legend. Until now, the anecdotes about him left literature. So the legendary life of Chang San-feng is continually for exploration and research on by later generation. |
