| 摘要: | 作為一名以探索社會邊緣聞名的攝影家，黛安?阿勃絲（1923-1971）在1969-71年間，以紐澤西州數家療養院中的身心障礙者作為拍攝主題，而成為1995年由其女兒集結出版成冊的《無題》系列。這群心智障礙者因疾病因素，打破了阿勃絲先前與拍攝對象所慣行的溝通模式。因此，本論文聚焦於此系列作品，探討阿勃絲在風格已日漸成熟之時，卻因此題材的特殊性而轉換了表現手法，並從而得到創作理念的深入思考與極致發揮。 人類社會往往以污名作為正常與異常的分水嶺，將具有特殊身體特徵，且行為不符合社會慣習的族群附加標籤，將之推往社會邊緣。因此，本論文從美國社會學家Erving Goffman關於污名的理論，以及60年代反精神醫學運動對於全控機構的批評為《無題》系列提出詮釋。這些理論批判正常與異常的絕對區分，或是對於邊緣的貶抑，而強調對於社會邊緣人應採取尊重的態度。另一方面，本論文以Victor Turner的類閾限（liminoid）概念解釋這些圖像，描述這些影像中偏重於個人思想，各種認知以及意義處於混亂的、斷裂的狀態，而在某些邊緣的、不定形的情境當中，試圖產生某些新的文化。本論文採用這個觀念解釋《無題》系列中一種有別於主流文化，卻又多元而獨特的面貌 再者，本論文延續阿勃絲作品中常常出現的二元性質，以《無題》系列中的紀實性與抒情性作為探討中心。在紀實方面，阿勃絲延續了歐洲藝術家對於畸形人圖像的興趣，並結合60年代以降的美國紀實風格概念，形成在客觀的紀實中蘊藏個人思考的新紀實影像。在抒情方面，這一系列作品成為阿勃絲對於畸形人攝影的鄉愁。阿勃絲在這些社會邊緣人們的身上發現許多怪異的並置，形成怪誕的形象。也因此，這個抒情抒發的是畸形人們的自在，在這個有如童話故事般奇幻的魔力當中，隱喻著這群社會邊緣人形成無視社會眼光的、解放的、負於幻想力的生命。 因此，本論文認為《無題》系列反映了60年代美國社會抗拒威權、看見邊緣、重視多元的思潮。並以降低攝影家對於影像與拍攝對象的干預，而呈現真實、自在的社會邊緣人樣貌。在藝術史的狂愚者圖像中，阿勃絲的《無題》系列成為一種展現社會邊緣人獨特性、尊重差異存在的新型態療養院圖像。 Being a photographer that was famous for exploring the marginalizing society , Diane Arbus（1923-1971）took mentally retarded people from several institutions in New Jersey as the subject , and it became the “Untitled” series collected in books by her daughter in 1995.This group of mental disorders broke the ordinary model of communication that Diane Arbus used with those previous photography objects. Therefore, this thesis focus on this series of works, to detect and discussion when Arbus’ style has been mature day after day but obtained the deep going thought and acme display of creation idea by the transformed expression because of the particular theme. The human society often takes stigma as the divide of normal and abnormal, labels those whose behaviors do not conform to the society and pushes them toward the marginalization. Therefore, this thesis brings up annotations for the series of "Untitled" from the theory about stigma of American sociologist, Erving Goffman, and the critics to total institution from the anti-psychiatry movement in 60’s.These theories critiqued absolute division of normal and abnormal, perhaps devalue the social marginalizing people, but stressed that we should take the respect manner to the social marginalizing people.On the other hand, this thesis explains the images by the concept of liminoid of Victor Turner, describes in these photographs to stress in individual thought that each kind of cognition as well as the significance are at chaotic, break condition, but attempt to have certain new cultures in certain marginalizing, unformed situations. This thesis uses this idea to explain that there is one kind of appearance that is different with the main stream culture, actually multi-dimensional and unique in the series of “Untitled”. Furthermore, this thesis continues the duality which appears frequently in Arbus’ works, and takes the documental and lyrical in the series of “Untitled” as the discussion center. In documental aspect, Arbus has continued the European artists’ interest to the image of freaks, and unified the concept of American documental style after the 60’s and formed the new documental image contains individual thought within the objective documental. In lyrical aspect, this series of works became the nostalgia of freaks to Arbus. Arbus discovered much strange juxtaposition on these social marginalizing people that formed the grotesque image. Therefore, what this lyrical expresses is freaks’ comfortableness, in this fantastic magic power like fairy tales, it is the metaphor of this crowd of society social marginalizing people forming lives that disregards the social judgment, released, and rich in the fantasy strength . Therefore, this thesis thought that the series of “Untitled” had reflected the American society resisted the authority in 60’s, to see the marginalization, to take multiple ideological trends. And reduced the intervention from the photographer to the photographs and subject , but presents the reality, comfortable social marginalizing people’s appearance. In the mad image of art history, the series of “Untitled” of Arbus became one kind of image of a new state asylum that development distinctive quality of society marginalizing people, respect to the existence of difference. |
