| 摘要: | 胡安國於南宋紹興初期奉高宗詔令，纂修《春秋傳》一書，總計三十卷，十餘萬言。是書不僅對時人治經有具體影響，也關係元、明、清三代的科舉內容，在《春秋》學史上是一部重要論著。學界對此的研究成果不少，但大多是由「理學」角度解讀《胡傳》，將其觀點納入理學體系討論；而且許多主題的處理仍不夠仔細，未能點出《胡傳》的價值與意義，遑論連結至後人批評，從中商榷彼此得失。故本文以胡安國《春秋傳》作為研究論題，主要從三大方面切入：第一是《胡傳》解經方式，探析他建構「類例」的思路，條舉七項執例之弊與五項窮例之變，並扣緊歷代學者批評，總結《胡傳》「一字褒貶」的得失。第二是《胡傳》解經內容，包含他在序文中提出的聖王經世之志：尊君父、討亂賊、重復仇、存三綱、攘夷狄，以及謹微慎始、體元正心、惡盟譏會、去利從義、誅暴禁亂等時政寓託之說，進一步與三《傳》和宋儒比較，理解胡安國對朝廷內政與國防外交的態度，彰顯經世致用的時代精神。第三是關於《胡傳》在宋代的承襲、影響與批評，討論重點為胡安國與程頤及其弟子劉絢、謝湜、楊時的經說異同，以及文定家學胡寅、胡寧、胡宏、胡銓、范如圭紹承《胡傳》之主張，呈顯朱熹、蔡沆、黃仲炎、呂大圭、張洽、家鉉翁等質疑與關注，廓清反對意見的是非，藉此突顯《胡傳》解經的特色及缺失。本文研究取材不只限於《胡傳》抑或《春秋》學等經傳資料，而是大量參考史書、文集、筆記、方志等文獻，將胡安國置於兩宋政治、社會、文化與學術等時代背景，具體印證胡安國《春秋傳》是宋朝《春秋》學中最能發揮聖人經世致用之道，實踐六經之旨須推於行事的典範，為其他註疏所不及，而這也是此書最重要之價值與貢獻。當然也因為歷史局勢影響，《胡傳》犯有解經失誤嚴刻，衍生自相矛盾以及過崇復仇討賊，造成褒貶穿鑿的弊病，所以若要權衡歷代官方或私家之評論，必須得先掌握箇中正反兩面的問題，以避免空泛浮論、主觀臆測。而本文正可為後人有意探討《胡傳》與元、明、清三代《春秋》學的關係時，提供客觀據實、詳細清楚的研究視角，開啟相關課題之延伸和觸發。As by imperial order of Song Gaozong during the beginning period of Shaoxing in Southern Song Dynasty, Hu, Anguo made compilation of the book-“Spring and Autumn Annals”, for a total of 30 volumes, with number of words in exceed of one hundred thousand. This book was not only with concrete influences to the Confucian studies of the contemporary people at the time, but also to affect contents of imperial examinations during the three dynasties-Yuan, Ming and Ching, moreover, it was a very important work in the history for the study of “Spring and Autumn Annals”. There were many of research results on this from the academic field, but most of them were to translate “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” by the viewpoints of “Confucian school”, to include his ideas as part of Confucian school system for discussions; however, on the treatments for a lot of subjects, there were insufficiency of meticulousness, unable to point out both of the values and meanings of “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, let alone to say for any connections on the criticisms made by later people, to make determinations whether or not there were advantages and defects from it.Thus, the research thesis of the paper is based upon “Spring and Autumn Annals” of Hu, Anguo to cut into from three major aspects. Firstly, by the approach of elucidation on the Confucian classics from “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, to make investigation and analysis on the thoughts of how Hu’s made construct of “case study”, to make examples of 7 disadvantages on implementation cases as well as the five alterations on “bad cases”, while at the same time, to make close connection of criticisms made by scholars throughout history, to summarize the advantages and defects on “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” as “one word either praising or demeaning”. Secondly, on the contents for the elucidation of Confucian philosophies from “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, to include the ambition of wisdom of statecraft by sage kings offered in Hu’s preface: To respect one’s emperor and father, to fight against rebellious enemies, to take seriously on vengeance, to preserve three Bonds, and to make peace with foreign countries and tribes, as well as ideas implicated in the contemporary politics of the time such as to be careful on details and cautious of initiation, back to the original essence to stay one’s passage without diversion, no laughing opportunity by opposite forces, avoidance of temptation with compliance of justice, and to fight against violence in forbidden of riots, moreover, to further make comparison between the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang Zhuan as well as Guliang Zhuan and the Confucian philosophy of Song Dynasty, in order to understand the attitude of Hu, Anguo towards domestic politics in the royal court and national defense, showing his spirit on applied governance in his own time. Thirdly, in regard to the inheritance, effects and criticisms from Song Dynasty in “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, with the emphasis on discussions on the similarities and differences between Hu, Anguo and Cheng, Yi as well as his disciples as Liu, Xuan, Xie, Shi and Yang, Shi, plus propositions made by intellectuals of scholarly family discipline such as Hu, Yan, Hu, Ning, Hu, Hong, Hu, Quan, and Fan, Rugui for inheriting and bearing the ideas of “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, to indicate questioning and attentions made by Zhu, Xi, Cai, Hang, Huang, Zhongyan, Lu, Daigui, Zhang, Qia and Jia, Xuanweng, as a result, to clear out rights and wrongs on the opposite opinions, in order to stand out the characteristics and defects on the elucidation of Confucian classics by ” Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”.For the study in the paper, the material gathering is not limited to Confucian philosophy data as either “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” or “Spring and Autumn Annals”, instead there are massive amount of documentaries from historical books, analogies, notes and chronicles for reference, to place Hu, Anguo in the time background of politics, society, culture and academics between two Song Dynasties, concretely verifying “Spring and Autumn Annals” by Hu, Anguo to be the one best to excel the philosophy of statecraft by sages, in which he promotes the prototype of action is the requirement for the purpose to implement Six Classics(Liujing), and for such an idea, it is far surpassing than the elucidations made by others, as well as the most important value and contribution from the book. Of course, due to the effects of historical stances, in “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, there are also serious errors on the elucidation of Confucian philosophies, to create its own confusions and contradictions, as well as to put excessive stress on vengeance and fighting against enemies, and in turn to lead to the discrepancies with mix reviews of praising and demeaning, hence, if one would like to judge the criticisms made by public or private sectors throughout history, one must get hold of problems from both sides either in consensus or disapproval, in order to avoid vagueness and generalities, as well as subjective guessing. In addition, the paper just happens to offer objective, honest, as well as carefully outlined research angles for later people who are with intention to make investigation for the relationship between “Master Hu's Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” and the study of “Spring and Autumn Annals” in Yuan, Ming and Ching dynasties, to open up extension and triggers on the related agenda. |
