必要與其命運---惡之華，或寓言、行動與模擬（III-II）;Necessity and Its Vicissitudes---Semblance of Evil, or Allegory, Action and Mimesis (III-II & -III)

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题名:	必要與其命運---惡之華，或寓言、行動與模擬（III-II）;Necessity and Its Vicissitudes---Semblance of Evil, or Allegory, Action and Mimesis (III-II & -III)
作者:	易鵬
贡献者:	中央大學英美語文學系
关键词:	語文;必要性;寓言;國家寓言;顯象;模擬;模擬能力;亞里斯多德;班雅民;Necessity;allegory;national allegory;semblance;mimesis;the mimetic faculty;Aristotle;Benjamin
日期:	2009-09-01
上传时间:	2012-10-01 11:38:11 (UTC+8)
出版者:	行政院國家科學委員會
摘要:	本計畫原規劃三年（「必要與其命運：意志、惡與終結問題（III-I）」），第一年度計畫主要提出亞里斯多德於《詩學》（Poetics）所揭示悲劇的重點在於體現特定「必要性」（相對於improbable possibility 的probable impossibility），同時在此過程中，提供文本在面對必要性時，展現如自由、意志、機遇（拉岡所提到之tuché，chance）乃至必要之惡等面向。計畫希望對於時代之僵局與其可能終結方式，經由文本與理論探索，尋找可能離逸的方向。上一年度已初步試圖從夢境與前現代寓言角度，一方面提供計畫歷史角度，同時也建立整體疆界。目前為止，已在2008 年四月一篇會議論文初步摸索出，夢境作為文本（The Faerie Queene）關鍵場景，在其中寓言角色面對97 年度所說「哲學、歷史使命以及宗教真理與必要性」之際，在主體的「心理、慾望與行動或實踐」等意志體現過程裡面，遭遇一種不確定性，尤其是睡夢所促成的中界特質(liminality)。去年計畫書中亦點出「寓言」（allegory）似乎是必要性與其相對立面角力的關鍵場所。計畫的後續將從此一基礎出發，持續討論寓言的重要性，同時也將試圖經過寓言，尤其是在班雅民(Walter Benjamin) 以及詹明信（Fredric Jameson）與之後國內外學者對於「國族寓言」（national allegory）的討論，以及班雅民對於有關「模擬能力」(mimetic faculty)以及「顯象」 (semblance)兩者的探討，來進一步加強目前的研究。在計畫第二階段（98到99年度），選擇寓言以及他主題，不但可將第一階段主要關懷，如危機與暴力問題，繼續容納於研究範圍內，其他需要繼續探討的美感或uncanny 與機遇、「突現」、「中斷」（caesura）現象(班雅民寓言理論重要核心課題)亦可受到注意。同時，我們亦將試圖建立班雅民寓言理論與「模擬能力」以及「顯象」的關連，以便（藉由「模擬能力」以及「顯象」）運用「模擬」（mimesis）來開啟寓言論戰中新的可能性。計畫之所以提出寓言與「模擬」或者「模擬能力」與「顯象」的可能關連也在於下面幾點額外考量：首先是這個主題系列與前階段計畫之聯繫(例如模擬能力與《詩學》)。第二，這一系列，因為西方與本地對國家寓言主題的論爭，或可強化上階段（試圖藉十七世紀以降將probability觀念轉化成近世的促成統計或是充滿政治意涵的賽局理論game theory的機率觀）較為薄弱的歷史相關性。第三，國家寓言的概念，從詹明信的提出到晚近受到正反兩面的評價（Aijaz Ahme 相對於最近Margaret Hillenbrand在“The National Allegory Revisited: Writitng Private and Public in Contemporary Taiwan”）。但是，如果我們進一步檢視在班雅民理論，寓言以及它所帶出的批判 (criticism) 觀念，寓言乃是用以斬斷神話，「顯象」中之情絲（真實與虛幻兩者的藕斷絲連在班雅民“Goethe’s Elective Affinities＂一文中有相當篇幅的討論）。寓言理論與批判模式與顯象理論之間，有可進一步討論之處。同時，第四，顯象問題似乎與，美感，真理以及寓言中所謂「突現」或「中斷」（此議題相似於“On Semblance”中提及的，語言道斷，the expressionless)，以及最重要地在文學中語言所扮演揭顯真理的角色(例如說藉由凸顯nonsensuous similiarity或是語言道斷) 等，這些觀念之間有值得討論關聯。最後，上述問題，顯象與顯象中運作的真理與假象有關之語言的不可道處，或許會引導我們回到模擬能力，模擬的內在極限，或是作為極限經驗的模擬，從模擬跨越到擬像的經驗，引導我們以迂迴方式返回到模擬論傳統，亦即亞理斯多德的 2 《詩學》。第二階段另一挑戰即是模擬論是否可以從上述顯象性考量（事實上，「顯象」性考量此一譯法，正巧與佛洛伊德在《夢的解析》中所謂「顯象性考量」consideration of representability相符，此觀念即指睡夢之內容朝向視覺意象之傾向。此一傾向，乃至現代性之視覺化特性均與阿多諾（Adorno）與班雅民之批判實踐有關），是否可以開啟寓言討論的另一面向。也就是寓言以及國家寓言，其中的視覺性，美學或美的誘惑，一方面可以豐富對於古典模擬論與亞氏之悲劇觀所帶出必要與其對立面的辯證的認識，同時，美學或誘惑也可以提供我們切入現代學者對於模擬論的討論（如塔席克Michael Taussig）另一種角度。而我們也許也可以從模擬中顯象的虛虛實實裏體會寓言斬不斷理還亂的再現企求。不論是塔席克或是國家寓言議題，均與第三世界（與）文學有關。計畫的最後階段，提出模擬論與顯象是希望能夠從寓言的突現中斷性與顯象的矛盾雙重性，同時具有魅惑美與真理可能性面向，出發來處理本土文本之另一種雙重性身份。計畫假設，這雙重性，與必要及其對立面，或者與某些特定之現代文本中常常與（視覺之）魅惑與畏懼的矛盾拉鋸(某種與uncanny類似的情境)有關。也就是說，在必要與其對立面的辯證過程中，模擬與顯象可以幫助我們面對批判尋求文本真理之時所面對的雙重性，魅惑與惡的雙重性，一種惡之華。 ; The original project (Necessity and Its Vicissitudes: Will, Evil and the Question of Termination (III-I) aims at utilizing the fact that Aristotle’s Poetics provides us with a particular mode of necessity (probably impossibility as opposed to improbable possibility). Situating this theoretical paradigm within the context of literary texts, we witness the coming into being of subjects such as freedom of will, chance (which can also be related to the Lacanian interpretation in terms of tuché and repetition compulsion), and necessary evil. One hope is that by examining these ancient and modern ( and foreign and domestic) concerns emerging on the stage that necessity has set up, we can imagine the question of closure and termination, or at least a line of flight in the face of our own modern dilemma. As a preliminary effort, a conference paper which deals with the issues of action and dream in the context of Renaissance allegory has been produced. This conference paper delivered in April this year, discusses selective episodes in The Faerie Queene where the personifications are forced to face the forces of necessity and in the process, the limits of the psyche, desire and action are put to test in the face of uncertainty aggravated by the liminality of dreams. One proposed focus is the genre of allegory in which necessity and the opposing tendencies clash. Using this as a starting point, the project this year will extend the research to Fredric Jameson’s notion of national allegory and Walter Benjamin’s theory of allegory. In addition, related concepts of mimetic faculty and semblance will be included with a view to a fuller and varied development of the theories of allegory. The decision to expand the existing project to include allegory and other related topics is based on the consideration that such a move will not only enable me to retain key issues (for example those of crisis and violence ) but it will also make it possible to attend to questions of beauty, or the uncanny, chance encounters and allegorical caesura. Furthermore, this project proposes to establish a relationship between Benjamin’s ideas of the mimetic faculty and semblance and the traditional theory of mimesis. The purpose of proposing the complex is to employ this as a means to complicate the understanding of the relation between mimesis and allegory. Moreover, this series of related issues will also help booster the historical relevance because of the inclusion of the question of national allegory, instead of the previous plan to deal with probability theory and game theory. In addition, the theory of national allegory has both its detractors and some recent apologists (for example Aijaz Ahmed as opposed to the more recent Margaret Hillenbrandt (“The National Allegory Revisited: Writing Private and Public in Contemporary Taiwan”)). But if we return to Benjamin’s works, we notice that for the thinker, one of the tasks of allegory is to impose a pause on the allure or the march of semblance (this connection is particularly clear in Benjamin’s discussion of Goethe’s same-name novel in “Goethe’s Elective Affinities”). There seems to be a link between allegory, the critical method and theory of semblance to be further substantiated. Finally, semblance seems to bear a subterranean connection with allegorical rupture and the allure of the beautiful on the basis of “the expressionless” (“On Semblance”), through the privileged role of language (which provides a certain kind of “nonsenuous similarity” in linguistic mimetic activity). Perhaps ultimately, semblance and the interplay or dialectics between “mere” appearance and the face of truth and the question of the expressionless in language will lead us back to the subtle and tentative workings of mimesis, the limits of mimesis or mimesis as limit experience, a return 2 via a detour, back to Aristotle. Another challenge for the second phase of the project is whether semblance (which perhaps is linked to the question of representability, the so-called “consideration of representability”, i.e. the visuality of dreams, in Freud’s theory of the dream-work in The Interpretation of Dreams) is capable of offering a new perspective into our understanding of allegory. This points to the possibility that allegory and national allegory not only possess a visual, an aesthetic allure that enriches the classical mimesis and the concomitant ideas of necessity but it also means that semblance also lends us another way of approaching the modern revival of the issue of mimesis, in the hands of a scholar like Michael Taussig. Moreover, the complicity and mutual dependency between truth apparent and mere appearance infect mimesis with a certain degree of duplicity or doubleness which will perhaps force us to rethink the allegory’s desire for a clean cut. Whether it be Taussig or Jameson, the question of allegory persists because of its relevance to the third world political and literary situation. The last stage of the whole project then turns on the wish to propose the ideas of mimetic faculty and semblance and the ambivalent quality of allegory infused by the spirit of mimesis and semblance so as to be able to capture the doubleness and duplicity of local literary texts. This project assumes that this ambivalence, is very much akin to the dialectical interplay of necessity, or to the textual scenario that appears in specific Taiwanese modernist texts, a tug of war between fascination and fear (a situation that is reminiscent of the uncanny). This is no less than asserting that semblance and the mimetic faculty couldThe original project (Necessity and Its Vicissitudes: Will, Evil and the Question of Termination (III-I) aims at utilizing the fact that Aristotle’s Poetics provides us with a particular mode of necessity (probably impossibility as opposed to improbable possibility). Situating this theoretical paradigm within the context of literary texts, we witness the coming into being of subjects such as freedom of will, chance (which can also be related to the Lacanian interpretation in terms of tuché and repetition compulsion), and necessary evil. One hope is that by examining these ancient and modern ( and foreign and domestic) concerns emerging on the stage that necessity has set up, we can imagine the question of closure and termination, or at least a line of flight in the face of our own modern dilemma. As a preliminary effort, a conference paper which deals with the issues of action and dream in the context of Renaissance allegory has been produced. This conference paper delivered in April this year, discusses selective episodes in The Faerie Queene where the personifications are forced to face the forces of necessity and in the process, the limits of the psyche, desire and action are put to test in the face of uncertainty aggravated by the liminality of dreams. One proposed focus is the genre of allegory in which necessity and the opposing tendencies clash. Using this as a starting point, the project this year will extend the research to Fredric Jameson’s notion of national allegory and Walter Benjamin’s theory of allegory. In addition, related concepts of mimetic faculty and semblance will be included with a view to a fuller and varied development of the theories of allegory. The decision to expand the existing project to include allegory and other related topics is based on the consideration that such a move will not only enable me to retain key issues (for example those of crisis and violence ) but it will also make it possible to attend to questions of beauty, or the uncanny, chance encounters and allegorical caesura. Furthermore, this project proposes to establish a relationship between Benjamin’s ideas of the mimetic faculty and semblance and the traditional theory of mimesis. The purpose of proposing the complex is to employ this as a means to complicate the understanding of the relation between mimesis and allegory. Moreover, this series of related issues will also help booster the historical relevance because of the inclusion of the question of national allegory, instead of the previous plan to deal with probability theory and game theory. In addition, the theory of national allegory has both its detractors and some recent apologists (for example Aijaz Ahmed as opposed to the more recent Margaret Hillenbrandt (“The National Allegory Revisited: Writing Private and Public in Contemporary Taiwan”)). But if we return to Benjamin’s works, we notice that for the thinker, one of the tasks of allegory is to impose a pause on the allure or the march of semblance (this connection is particularly clear in Benjamin’s discussion of Goethe’s same-name novel in “Goethe’s Elective Affinities”). There seems to be a link between allegory, the critical method and theory of semblance to be further substantiated. Finally, semblance seems to bear a subterranean connection with allegorical rupture and the allure of the beautiful on the basis of “the expressionless” (“On Semblance”), through the privileged role of language (which provides a certain kind of “nonsenuous similarity” in linguistic mimetic activity). Perhaps ultimately, semblance and the interplay or dialectics between “mere” appearance and the face of truth and the question of the expressionless in language will lead us back to the subtle and tentative workings of mimesis, the limits of mimesis or mimesis as limit experience, a return 2 via a detour, back to Aristotle. Another challenge for the second phase of the project is whether semblance (which perhaps is linked to the question of representability, the so-called “consideration of representability”, i.e. the visuality of dreams, in Freud’s theory of the dream-work in The Interpretation of Dreams) is capable of offering a new perspective into our understanding of allegory. This points to the possibility that allegory and national allegory not only possess a visual, an aesthetic allure that enriches the classical mimesis and the concomitant ideas of necessity but it also means that semblance also lends us another way of approaching the modern revival of the issue of mimesis, in the hands of a scholar like Michael Taussig. Moreover, the complicity and mutual dependency between truth apparent and mere appearance infect mimesis with a certain degree of duplicity or doubleness which will perhaps force us to rethink the allegory’s desire for a clean cut. Whether it be Taussig or Jameson, the question of allegory persists because of its relevance to the third world political and literary situation. The last stage of the whole project then turns on the wish to propose the ideas of mimetic faculty and semblance and the ambivalent quality of allegory infused by the spirit of mimesis and semblance so as to be able to capture the doubleness and duplicity of local literary texts. This project assumes that this ambivalence, is very much akin to the dialectical interplay of necessity, or to the textual scenario that appears in specific Taiwanese modernist texts, a tug of war between fascination and fear (a situation that is reminiscent of the uncanny). This is no less than asserting that semblance and the mimetic faculty could so help us immersing ourselves into the ambivalent dark night of the search through criticism for truth that through the thick and thin of ambivalent textuality we will be able to emerge in the twilight of the semblance of evil. so help us immersing ourselves into the ambivalent dark night of the search through criticism for truth that through the thick and thin of ambivalent textuality we will be able to emerge in the twilight of the semblance of evil. ; 研究期間 9808 ~ 9907
關聯:	財團法人國家實驗研究院科技政策研究與資訊中心
显示于类别:	[英美語文學系] 研究計畫

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