| 摘要: | 聯合國世界環境與發展委員會於1987年提出『永續發展』的理念與政策，強調地球發展與環境共生共存之重要性及必要性，促使各國積極從事永續發展之相關作業。在面臨地球資源日益匱乏的情況下，永續發展已成為二十一世紀國際環保工作之重點與趨勢，唯有將資源永續利用方能促進及確保人類生存與繁榮之發展。 臺灣地區近年來由於社會經濟成長與都市建設的高度發展，重大公共工程與民間建築工程每年產生大量之營建廢棄物。根據營建棄填土資訊通報指出，台灣地區近五年來，每年產生之營建剩餘土石方約為1,200萬方。此外，國內每年光是經合法申請拆除之建築廢棄物數量據估計就約有1,100多萬公噸，若加上新建施工過程以及其他違章建築拆除、政府徵收拆除、自然滅失建築拆除、以及非法擅自拆除等所產生之廢棄物，則其數量將更為可觀。然一般以處理開挖土方為主的土石方資源堆置處理場、以『安定掩埋』為主的垃圾掩埋場、以及垃圾焚化廠多禁止建築廢棄物進場，導致拆建廢料隨意傾倒之情形時有所聞，造成環境生態的污染與破壞。 國外對於建築廢棄物之回收再利用已推廣多年；美國聯邦政府制定『固體廢棄物處置法』，開始介入廢棄物管理之範疇，主要將廢棄混凝土應用於道路工程上；英國政府透過廢棄物再利用白皮書『Making Waste Work』與政府策略之多項措施解決廢棄物問題，目前正積極試圖將建築廢棄物中取得之混凝土塊和磚石，與玻璃廢棄物混合製成新的混凝土製品；荷蘭、丹麥與比利時三國政府則成立回收處理體系，並於建築法規中強制訂立回收建材之比率，使其回收率達80%以上，其中超過90%的廢棄混凝土塊皆運用於道路底層之填充材料與填海造陸上；日本於1991年制定『再生資源利用促進法』，並在1994年發表『建設廢棄物副產物對策行動計畫─Recycle Plan 21』，預定於西元2000年達成『最終處理量減半』之目標，廢棄混凝土與磚石則多應用於填海造陸工程。此外，在廢棄物管理上，日本相關單位亦利用全球資訊網成立『建設廢棄物交換中心』，促進各種廢棄物項目之處理、數量、去處等方面的資訊流通。 國內長久以來缺乏一具體可行的回收系統制度來運作，致使建築廢棄物無法有效回收再利用。為配合國內建築廢棄物資源化政策的推動，即早因應建築廢棄物所衍生之環保問題，本研究藉由國內外建築廢棄物相關文獻的分析與探討、建築廢棄物中間處理單位之實地走訪、與國內目前回收再利用案例之蒐集，深入瞭解國內建築廢棄物之處理現況與問題癥結所在。同時，本研究亦參酌國外建築廢棄物處理現況，分析其推行再利用之策略、方法與應用實績。之後再針對國內現況問題與國情，擬具一本土化之建築廢棄物回收系統制度。此外，本研究亦針對所擬具之建築廢棄物回收系統制度，提出未來所應進行之相關配合事項、事權單位界定與期程之規劃，可作為未來制度實施推動之參考依據，達成資源永續利用之目標。 Development of a Recycling and Reuse System for Building Demolition Wastes Abstract According to study, there are more than 11,600,000 tons of building demolition wastes generated each year in Taiwan. Since those wastes are neither accepted in most of the regular landfills, nor accepted in the incinerators in Taiwan, many of them is dumped illegally somewhere which develops hazards to the environment. With the higher demand for better living and working facilities, building demolition wastes generated each year in Taiwan are likely to increase in the future. Therefore, the proper treatment of those wastes becomes an issue more and more important for the society. Recycling and reuse of building demolition wastes gradually become a regular practice in those advanced countries such as United States, Japan, Canada, and European countries. More than 50% of recycling rate is reported for those countries. Japan and England even have a recycling rate more than 80%. Most of them are reused for roadway base and backfill, or for land backfill. Some of them are used for replacement of concrete aggregate to make various kinds of concrete products. With the “sustainable development” becoming a global trend and at the same time the local shortage problem of concrete aggregates, recycling and reuse of building demolition wastes provide sound solutions. This research is to study the recycling and reuse system implemented in the advanced countries. The objective is to develop a local one for the building demolition wastes in Taiwan, based on the local market, codes, and regulations. Literature reviews on the related research are conducted. Local codes, regulations, practice, and related market factors holding back the realization of recycling and reuse of building demolition wastes are investigated. Finally, a recycling and reuse prototype system is developed as a result after reviewing with related government and private agencies. Necessary future revisions of the current practices, codes, and regulations are suggested. |
