以筆硯作佛事：北宋文字禪運動流衍考; Implementing Buddhism through Writing: Research for the Spread of Wen-tzu Ch'an Movement in the Northern Sung

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Title:	以筆硯作佛事：北宋文字禪運動流衍考;Implementing Buddhism through Writing: Research for the Spread of Wen-tzu Ch'an Movement in the Northern Sung
Authors:	徐銘謙;Hsu,Ming-chien
Contributors:	中國文學系
Keywords:	文字禪;北宋禪宗;公案語錄;詩禪交涉;以禪論書;茶禪一味;Wen-tzu Ch'an;Ch'an Buddhism in the Northern Sung Dynasty;Gong-an and Quotations;the interaction between poetry and Ch'an Buddhism;discussion on calligraphy through Ch'an;the assimilation of tea and Ch'an
Date:	2013-07-01
Issue Date:	2013-08-22 11:38:37 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	「以筆硯作佛事」，是宋代禪宗最顯著的特徵。北宋文字禪運動的流衍，不只是禪宗思想發展的過程，與當時社會文化的變遷更是息息相關。自宋初官方就大抵確定的右文策略，首先引導北宋重文的社會風氣，同時也將政教關係籠罩於其下。太祖、太宗、真宗皆與佛教關係良好，宋帝的崇尚斯文也反映在中央僧官考試當中。到北宋中期，古文運動替僧侶與士大夫打開一條通往同一個文學場域的道路，儘管排佛論調時有所聞，但士大夫之間愈發興起禪悅之風，能夠創作雄文雅句的禪徒也更加趨向文士化。至北宋晚期，雖有徽宗以揚道抑佛為主要訴求的諸多措施，但惠洪、克勤等文字禪大師仍在此期活躍，並製作出極具代表性的文字禪文本。同時，在北宋印刷技術的普遍之下，禪僧公案語錄大行於世，士大夫紛紛受請為禪籍作序，以廣流傳。這些文字禪文本不只令公案的運用滲入宋代的詩禪關係，對於當時尚意的書法、追求傳神的畫論，以及遍及士僧之間的茶文化，都有一定程度的影響。兩宋之際，此前文本裝幀方式的進步促使公案考據更為便利，公案鑽研之風由是而起，禪門對此逐漸產生反動；另一方面，禪僧口語對話式的語錄也成為一些理學家語錄學習模仿的範本。南宋以後，為數可觀的禪詩文集相繼問世，至明代尚有一卷題為「文字禪」的輯稿出現，而惠洪的宗門地位也在明代被重新標舉，凡此皆北宋文字禪的流風餘韻。總的說來，文字禪運動無疑是一個複雜的文化現象，本文嘗試在宗教哲學氛圍之外考察它的流衍過程，對於理解北宋禪宗文化與政治、社會的關係，乃至與文人士大夫互動等諸多層面，應是有所幫助的。 “Implementing Buddhism through Writing,” is the most significant characteristics of the Ch'an Buddhism in the Sung Dynasty. The government valuing culture in the Early Sung, which also affected the relationship between religion and the government. Take T’ai-tsu, T’ai-tsung, and Chen-tsung for example, they were all friendly with Buddhism. Sung emperors’ supporting culture development also reflected in the exam of central monkish officials. During the mid-term of the Northern Sung, monks and literati debated in the Classical Prose Movement. While some literati were against Buddhism, whereas others enjoyed Ch’an. Some Ch’an monks were more like literati. In the late Northern Sung, Hui-tsung favored Taoism and resisted Buddhism. Despite difficult situation, Hui-hong, K’o-ch’in and other masters of Wen-tzu Ch'an were still active at that time. They even produced many renowned works of Wen-tzu Ch'an. On the other hand, the prevalence of printing technology made Ch’an masters’ Gong-An and quotations more popular. Literati wrote prefaces for Ch’an books which also made them more widespread. These texts of Wen-tzu Ch'an strengthen the influence of Gong-An, such as the interaction between poetry and Ch'an Buddhism, discussion on calligraphy through Ch'an as well as the assimilation of tea and Ch'an in the Sung Dynasty. The late Northern and early Southern Song, the progress of binding technology made the textual research of Gong-An more convenient, so the climate of studying Gong-An were risen and developed. However, some Ch’an monks despised it. In the meantime, Ch’an masters’ quotations became the model for Neo-Confucians’ quotations. After the Southern Song, plenty of anthologies and collected works of Ch’an were produced. A roll of manuscript called " Wen-tzu Ch'an " even appeared in the Ming Dynasty, and Hui-hong’s status was raised again. Those were the reverberation of Wen-tzu Ch'an. On the whole, Wen-tzu Ch'an movement in the Northern Sung is undoubtedly a complex cultural phenomenon. This article attempts to explore the movement of Wen-tzu Ch'an beyond religion and philosophy which will be helpful to understand the relationship among Ch’an culture, politics, society, and even other aspects such as interaction with the literati in the Northern Sung.
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