| 摘要: | 臺灣客家語四字詞研究
摘要
臺灣客家語四字詞，是客家族群把在生活環境中所遇到的人、事、時、地、物等狀況，用自己的五官所看、聽、聞、摸，用客家話將其活靈活現表達出來。
四字詞有節奏、韻律的美感，在加上詞彙的精煉，吸引他人的注意力。
因此，本論文的重點在於詞彙的研究。
先將臺灣客家語四字詞做了定義和分類，其定義是四字詞是含有四個字或二個字的詞素，但無論如何被拆解，他都只有一個定義；而依據臺灣客家語四字詞的出現的形式，依照語音、語法、詞彙，做分類整理。
再從最常見的農耕、教育、禮俗、飲食、禁忌語等方面討論臺灣客家語四字詞的文化意涵，從農耕方面，可明確知道客家人是來自山林；從教育方面，客家人重視生活；從禮俗方面，可知道客家人的精神寄託；從飲食可知道，客家人勤儉持家的本性；從禁忌語方面，可知道客家人重視傳宗接代。
最後從臺灣各地客家話次方言四字詞做比較，差異最大的是詔安客家話，在構詞、語法上有所不同；在構詞上，詔安腔受到閩語影響，產生了借用替代的情形；在語法上，詔安客家話與其他四字詞次方言對比時，會產生二字、三字、四字的情形。
關鍵詞：四字詞、客家語、客家文化
Abstract
The research on four-words-idioms of hakka in Taiwan
The four-words-idioms of hakka in Taiwan are originated from all the living surroundings where the hakkaness experience lots of situations including the human beings, events, spaces, time, and matters. The hakkaness describe those vividly after they use their own senses, as the sense of seeing, the sense of listening, the sense of smelling, and the sense of touching.
The four-words-idioms are abundant in the beauty of rhythm and the simplification. Therefore, they attract our attention.
In the beginning, we define that the four-words-idioms are the morphemes included four words or two words, and there will always be one meaning in each four-words-idiom no matter in which cases they be disassembled. Besides, we classify them according to the pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary by their forms.
Moreover, we discuss their cultural meanings form some aspects, just like the most common agriculture, education, customs, diets, and taboos. In the aspect of agriculture, it can be clearly known that hakkanese come from the mountains. In the aspect of education, it can be found that hakkanese attach importance to their life. In the aspect of customs, it can be known that hakkanese’s spirits. In the aspect of diets, it can be found that the nature of thrifty in hakkaneses. In the aspect of taboos, it can be known that hakkanese value family trees.
Finally, we compare the four-words-idioms of all hakka dialects in Taiwan. We found that the most different is the zhao’an hakka---the difference appears in morphology and syntax. In the aspect of morphology, it is affected by Southern Min dialect and some words are borrowed form it. In the aspect of syntax, two-words-idioms, three-words-idioms, and four-words-idioms are appeared in zhao’an hakka dialect when it is compared with other hakka dialect.
key words: four-words-idioms, hakka dialects, hakka culture |
